John Templeton was born in Winchester, Tennessee, in 1912. In order to continue his university level education, he got a scholarship as he was from a poor family, but he was a good student.
He was one of the best students of economics at the Yale University. He graduated in 1934, right in the midst of the Depression. He mastered at the Oxford two years later. When he returned to the USA, he got a working place in a New York based Fenner&Beane company where he was a trainee.

John Templeton was a co-founder of a company that is now known as Templeton, Dobbrow & Vance at the end of the Depression in 1937. Their company became worth about 300 million dollars in a short time and under their management they had 8 mutual funds. John Templeton founded a fund in the Bahamas in 1954. The old company changed the name not long before Templeton sold his share of the company in 1962.

He was known for creating successful funds during his career. In 1992 the Franklin Group bought his funds. Queen Elizabeth II made him a knight, as he was a naturalized British citizen, because of his great achievements.

His John Templeton Foundation is one of the world’s most recognized foundations that donate most of their funds to scientific research.

John Templeton trading style
His methods of investing were by many carved during the time he studied, as it was during the Great Depression.

He was looking to buy stocks of the companies around the world. He saw opportunity to gain profit by acquiring many small companies that were low priced with a good long-term perspective.
He made success with stocks that other investors would bother to research. He found those companies through his connections that would gather at his Lyford Key Club in Bahamas – his home – where he would discuss with them about that sort of companies nobody would want to look at in terms of investing.
He preferred communicating with his friends and other investors at his own terrain, literally his own, in casual atmosphere at his Lyford Key Club, rather than in the Wall Street, where everything was fast and the information were way too formal, which – for him – meant that the information were not accurate. Therefore, he would create an attractive ambience for the people who would gladly discuss matter with him. He saw people as the power for his research.

Ben Graham
Ben Graham was born in London in 1894 and he passed away at the age of 82, in 1976. He is a matchless investment manager and a surpassing financial educator. He is the author of many classic writings that have no match in the world if investing. He is the pioneer of security analysis and value investing. His career was marked by working for Newburger, Henderson & Loeb, and later at Graham – Newman Corporation.
Many professional investors hold his books the best for stock market. Two of many titles that exalt him from the crowd are “Security Analysis” written in 1934, and “The Intelligent Investor” published in 1949. Even now, those two books are being considered as a must read, and they are used literature at the universities. Ben Graham is regarded as the most influential analyst of applied portfolio investment. He is known for teaching Warren Buffet and many others famous and successful investors, which demonstrates his ability to pass on the knowledge, and not just to present the ways and methods of his work.
Ben Graham migrated to New York with his family when he was just a twelve months old baby. When his father died eight years later, his life became preoccupied with financial problems. He got a job as a messenger at a Wall Street company “Newburger, Henderson & Loeb”, after graduating from Columbia University in 1914. In just 6 years he became a partner in the company. After 6 years, he founded a company together with Jerome Newmand. His work until his retirement was teaching at Columbia University about finance. During the Great Depression, Ben Graham bankrupted, but he successfully revived his financial status very soon after that. Ben Graham explains his investing style in his book “The Intelligent Investor”, but in short, the basics of his investing methods are that an investment needs to be bought for the less of its actual value. “Margin of safety” is the phrase that he uses to describe how an investor should find what to invest into. That means that an investor should find a company whose value is temporarily low, but that the company has got a bright future. So the “Margin of safety” is the difference between the real value of a company and the price (lower than real value) that the company is to be bought for. Lover the price in comparison to the real value is – the better. He was a firm believer that the market price of a stock is never the same with the real value. He explained that Mr. Market – as he called it – will always have the value of the stock prices changing, and how that is an opportunity for wise investors to buy something for a lower price than its real value is and to sell it when the price gets a greater value. He pointed out how following the crowd needs to be avoided, and the lower priced stocks needs to be searched for.

Benjamin Graham Quotes

If you are shopping for common stocks, choose them the way you would buy groceries, not the way you would buy perfume.

Finance has a fascination for many bright young people with limited means. They would like to be both intelligent and enterprising in the placement of their savings, even though investment income is much less important to them than their salaries. This attitude is all to the good. There is a great advantage for the young capitalist to begin his financial education and experience early. If he is going to operate as an aggressive investor he is certain to make some mistakes and to take some losses. Youth can stand these disappointments and profit by them. We urge the beginner in security buying not to waste his efforts and his money in trying to beat the market. Let him study security values and initially test out his judgment on price versus value with the smallest possible sums.

Basically, price fluctuations have only one significant meaning for the true investor. They provide him with an opportunity to buy wisely when prices fall sharply and to sell wisely when they advance a great deal. At other times he will do better if he forgets about the stock market and pays attention to his dividend returns and to the operating results of his companies.

Have the courage of your knowledge and experience. If you have formed a conclusion from the facts and if you know your judgment is sound, act on it – even though others may hesitate or differ. You are neither right nor wrong because the crowd disagrees with you. You are right because your data and reasoning are right.

The underlying principles of sound investment should not alter from decade to decade, but the application of these principles must be adapted to significant changes in the financial mechanisms and climate.

Books :

Security Analysis, ISBN 978-0-07-159253-6
The Intelligent Investor
Storage and Stability: A Modern Ever-normal Granary, New York: McGraw Hill. 1937 ISBN 0-07-024774-9[30]
The Interpretation of Financial Statements
World Commodities and World Currency, New York & London, McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1944 ISBN 0-07-024806-0
Benjamin Graham, The Memoirs of the Dean of Wall Street (1996) ISBN 978-0-07-024269-2

Interesting fact from Ben Graham wikipedia page :

Graham’s most famous student is Warren Buffett. According to Buffett, Graham said that he wished every day to do something foolish, something creative, and something generous. Buffett said that Graham excelled most at the last.Some of Graham’s most famous disciples, who have drawn on the works of several Columbia Business School alumni, many of whom were direct disciples of Benjamin Graham himself, include famous Value Investors such as Warren Buffett, Charlie Munger, Philip Fischer, Walter Schloss, Peter Lynch, John Templeton, Mohnish Pabrai, Amit Ayare, Whitney Tilson, Prem Watsa, Lauren Templeton, Jerome Chazen and many more.

Canadian David Dreman was born in 1936 in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He had worked for companies such are Rauscher Pierce Refsnes Securities Corp., J&W Seligman, Value Line Investment Service, The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, International Foundation for Research in Experimental Economics (IFREE) and Dreman Value Management, L.L.C. His name is mostly known for his classic book “Contrarian investment Strategy: The Psychology of Stock Market Success” that was published in 1980. It is a book about investment and every investor during the 80’s and forward who is known for any success has probably read the “Contrarian Investment Strategy”.

David Dreman has written numerous articles in different scholarly investment articles in famous economic journals such are the “Financial Journal”, Journal of Investing and “The Journal of Financial Behavior”. Readers of Forbes magazine have known him for his columns that he has written for more than two decades. In the year 1958, he graduated from the University of Manitoba in Canada, after which he became a research director at Rauscher Pierce. Later he worked for Seligman as a senior investment officer. After that in 1977, at the Value Line Investment Service he became senior editor. That was the year when he was working for others and when he decided to found his own investment company where he acted as the president and the chairman of the company. That was Dreman Value Management, Inc. Dreman’s method of investing is the contrarian investing. But he saw many hard times coming to that.

When he was a junior analyst back in 1969, Dreman was only following a majority of investors as the stocks with minimal earnings turned over and became worthy. He lost three quarters of his net worth by following the majority, and that taught him to psychoanalyze investor behavior after what he became a contrarian investor. For him, the most important factor in the market is psychology. He is strict with his discipline and that is a part of his success. He explains that he buys stocks when they are battered. He buys stocks that have a low ratio of costs-earnings. Analysis shows that buying stocks with low selling value in the long term is better. Patience is for him the main asset in terms of investing and dealing with your stocks. His famous “If you have good stocks and you really know them, you’ll make money if you’re patient over three years or more” quote is what his style of investment is determined by. He is well known for his publications among which the “Contrarian Investment Strategy: The Psychology of Stock Market Success” published in 1980 gained a huge success and is a part of every investors elementary literature. “The New Contrarian Investment Strategy” and “Contrarian Investment Strategies: The Next Generation” are also the titles that gain popularity in the world of investing.

David Dreman Quotes:

Patience is a crucial but rare investment commodity.

Graham’s observations that investors pay too much for trendy, fashionable stocks and too little for companies that are out-of-favor, was on the money… Why does this profitability discrepancy persist? Because emotion favors the premium-priced stocks. They are fashionable. They are hot. They make great cocktail party chatter. There is an impressive and growing body of evidence demonstrating that investors and speculators don’t necessarily learn from experience. Emotion overrides logic time after time.

When advisors go one way, markets go the other.

Ingesting large amounts of investment information can lead to worse rather than better decisions.

Volatility is not risk. Avoid investment advice based on volatility.

I buy stocks when they are really battered.

If contrarian strategies work so well, why aren’t they more widely followed?… It is not enough to have winning methods, we must be able to use them. It sounds almost simplistic, but it isn’t.

Positive and negative surprises affect ‘best’ and ‘worst’ stocks in a diametrically opposite manner.

It’s very hard to go against the crowd. Even if you’ve done it most of your life, it still jolts you.

Favored stocks underperform the market, while out-of-favor companies outperform the market, but the reappraisal often happens slowly, even glacially.

Getting in near the bottom and out near the top is not as easy as market timers or asset allocators would have you believe.

It is one thing to have a powerful strategy; it’s another to execute it.

David Dreman Books:
Psychology and the Stock Market: Investment Strategy Beyond Random Walk. 1977. American Management Association. ISBN 0-814-45429-1.
Contrarian Investment Strategy: The Psychology of Stock Market Success. 1980. Random House. ISBN 0-394-42390-9.
The New Contrarian Investment Strategy. 1982. Random House. ISBN 0-394-52364-4.
Contrarian Investment Strategies: The Next Generation. 1998. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81350-5.
Contrarian Investment Strategies: The Psychological Edge. 2012. Free Press. ISBN 0-743-29796-2.

Michael H. Steinhardt
Michael Steinhardt is a New York born investor who holds the Wall Street’s record, with his partners, of 24% compound annual returns, which is more than twice than S&P 500 for more than 28 years. He deals well with different sorts of trades, long and short options, bonds, stocks and currencies, and he had proved himself as a versatile investor.
He actually started showing his talents in the economics before he was 20. He was born in 1941, and he finished his high school at the age of 16, to graduate at the age of 19; he stormed through the Wharton School of Finance.
His career started at the Wall Street, where he worked at Calvin Buolock and Load Rhoades& Co mutual fund for several years. He worked as a researcher and analyst for seven years, after what he conjoined Howard Berkowitz and Jerrold Fine and started their own business under a New York based company that they named Steinhardt, Fine, Berkowitz&Co. Steinhardt was the head of the group under whose leadership the company blossomed. But after Fine and Berkowitz left the company, it was renamed to Steinhardt Partners.
After a loss in 1994, he gave it a try for another year which was a success as his fund managed to gain 21% in 1995. That was the last year of his life as an investor.
After retiring from the investing, he turned to humanitarian work. He worked at multiple universities as a board member.
Even though he was an investor who was usually investing long-term, on many occasions he often invested short-term, but he was always backed up by a team of his analysts in such cases. He needed a team of analysts because with investing short-term, he was actually making a risk, because it was not the field of his expertise. His motto said that if you want to take risk and invest, than invest big and reward yourself big. He thought that following intuition should not be ignored.

Michael Steinhardt Quotes :

Speculative joy, the joy derived from being right and being rewarded, may well be similar to the rush felt by a winning gambler.

Art is a form of asset. Hedge-fund managers who have made money fast should diversify into other areas.

Books about Michael Steinhardt :
Schwager, Jack D. (1993). Market Wizards: Interviews with Top Traders. 27 pages: Collins; Reissue edition. ISBN 0-88730-610-1.
Steinhardt, Michael (2001). No Bull: My Life In and Out of Markets. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-66046-9.

Jesse Lauriston Livermore
Jesse L. Livermore was one of the pioneers in stock trade speculations. He was born in South Acton, Massachusetts, in 1877, and he went away from this world by taking his own life in 1940, at the age of 63.
He started at early age because he didn’t want to work on his family farm. Rather he thought to pursuit wealth other ways. Therefore he moved to Boston and got a job in Paine Webber Company. He started trading for himself when he was just fifteen. That way he had earned more than a thousand USD, which is equal between today’s 300,000.00 dollars, or even a million in terms of economic power value.
He started betting against what is known as a “bucket shop”. His success in that business made him become unwanted in Boston, so when all the shops banned him, he moved to New York – closer to Wall Street. His ability to manage in speculative trading turned him to a really successful trader, but his way of doing business saw him going up and down too many times. He wanted to earn money fast, and he wasn’t looking to invest in long-term business. He gained and lost millions of dollars and such life lead him to commit suicide.
Since he had no education in stock trading, as he entered the stock market at his early age, he learned all by himself and from his own mistakes, which brought some fast earnings, even faster loosing, many pressure and a suicide. He evolved into somebody still regarded as a successful trader, even though he did many wrong moves, but the trading style that was his mark is still present in today’s stock market. His principal was that not only individual stock is what is worth, but it is the whole market that should be analyzed. He saw that analyzing the direction of the entire market brings more success than focusing on single stock, without regarding the direction of the whole market.
His definition of a successful stock trader is that such a trader does research about the market, the economy and the company, and who doesn’t focus on the short-term. A good investor always does his own research and doesn’t give much credit to the insider information. He knew that speculations might mislead sometimes, and like every famous investor with a huge success, Livermore knew that your own estimation must be made upon thorough research.
His suicide preceded by many mistakes and misjudgments marked his life more than his success did, but his contribution to the stock market and the entire business can’t be foreseen.

Favorited book :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_Popular_Delusions_and_the_Madness_of_Crowds

Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Lauriston_Livermore

Bill Miller was born in Laurinburg, North Carolina, in 1950. He has been in investing business since 1972, after graduating economics from the Washington & Lee University. His first job was at the J.E. Baker Co, where he worked as a treasurer. After ten years at that position, he got a job at Legg Mason and he became the company’s head chairman and investor.
He became famous when under his leadership Legg Mason Value Trust noted one of the greatest successes in mutual fund history, as he got the longest successful investments ever, which beat the S&P Index for fifteen years in a row. In that time, from 1991-2006, Miller’s fund made growth of more than 19 billion dollars. He now works as a head of the board of investors of the Santa Fe Institute.

Bill Miller trading style
His method of investing brought him billions, and the main part of his principles that brought success to other investors as well is the patience. As every successful and smart investor, Bill Miller is a patient and thorough researcher. His boost was not instant, but his earnings are tremendous. Decades of studying and decades of investing were needed for him to be at the level he is now. He doesn’t discard any stock, as he knows that for any stock there always can be found a way to trade it at a discount to its intrinsic worth.
To those who want to learn from him, he suggests to do thorough analysis and to develop security strategy when investing. He reminds that assumptions based on the looks of something or because of the low price of the stock is wrong and misleading. Analysis of a stock that looks too expensive or cheap is essential in order to find the real value of it. Since most of the stocks that look expensive actually are expensive, it is necessary to analyze all in order to find those that are mispriced, and there comes the benefit. Also, his style includes learning from the mistakes other investors make. Most mistakes are always because they are short term investments, so he points out how research and analyzing is important in order to find a good long-term investment.

Bill O’Neill
Bill O’Neil or William O’Neil is one of the top performing stock brokers and he is known for inventing the growth stock investing strategy – CANSLIM. He was born in Oklahoma City in 1933. He is the founder of the national financial “Investor’s Business Daily” which is the biggest rival of “The Wall Street Journal”. He got a Bachelor of Arts degree in business administration at the Southern Methodist University in 1955. After that he attended the military service and then started working at Hayden, Stone & Company as a stock broker. There he became the best broker as he developed CANSLIM – an investment strategy. Good results and financial success saw him starting his own company – the William O’Neil & Co in 1963. It happened when he was only 30, which meant that he was the youngest ever person to buy a place at the New York Stock Exchange. His daily paper was founded in 1983 which started as Investor’s Daily, but since 1991 it is called Investor’s Business Daily. It is the main rival of The Wall Street Journal.

Bill O’Neill trading strategy
As for his investing methods, O’Neil uses a combination of strategies for his investing. He tracks growth stocks with the biggest chance to have their price rise after purchasing. His motto is “buy the strong, sell the weak”. In his CANSLIM, his style is explained:
In order to determine if the stock is worth buying, it should pass these conditions.
C – If the current quarterly earnings per share are increased at least 25% in comparison with the same quarters’ earnings of the previous year,
A – If the annual earnings are greater at a compound rate of 25% yearly over the last five years.
N – If the stock has “a good story”, for example, if it is about new products, new management, and new highs.
S – Look at supply and demand. If the stock is less available, the more it sells will make the price grow. Stocks with 10 to 12 million shares outstanding are worth looking at.
L – Leaders and laggards. Stick with those stocks that outperform and shed those that underperform.
I – Consider the institutional ownership. You should try to get around the companies that are “under owned” by the top professional investors.
M – Always pay attention at the market direction. Stocks that are on major downturns are better, but avoid purchases after a decline of 10% or more gets underway.

Books :

The Model Book of Greatest Stock Market Winners
How to Make Money in Stocks – A Winning System in Good Times Or Bad, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-161413-3 (4th ed., May 18, 2009)
The How to Make Money in Stocks Complete Investing System: Your Ultimate Guide to Winning in Good Times and Bad, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-175211-4 (1 edition, August 10, 2010)
24 Essential Lessons for Investment Success, learn the most Important Investment Techniques from the Founder of Investor’s Business Daily, McGraw-Hill (2000), ISBN 0-07-136033-6
The Successful Investor: What 80 Million People Need to Know to Invest Profitably and Avoid Big Losses, 2003, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-142959-X
How to Make Money Selling Stocks Short, co-author with Gil Morales, Wiley (December 24, 2004), ISBN 0-471-71049-0
Business Leaders and Success, 55 Top Business Leaders and How They Achieved Greatness”, 2004, McGraw-Hill ISBN 0-07-142680-9
How to Make Money in Stocks: Desk Diary 2005, Wiley; Spiral edition (September 6, 2004), ISBN 978-0-471-68053-6
Reminiscences of a Stock Operator (by Edwin Lefèvre), William J. O’Neil (Foreword), Wiley; Illustrate edition (September 2004), ISBN 0-471-67876-7
How to Make Money in Stocks – A Winning System in Good Times Or Bad, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-161413-9 (4th ed., May 18, 2009)
The How to Make Money in Stocks Complete Investing System: Your Ultimate Guide to Winning in Good Times and Bad by William J O’Neil (Paperback August 10, 2010)

Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O%27Neil

James D. Slater
James Derrick Slater (born 13 March 1929) is an investor. James D. Slater was an investment role model for investing public in the U.K., a country where he was born in 1929. He started his career as an accountant, but it didn’t take long for him to change the course of his career to corporate managerial positions. In only ten years, from 1953 to 1963, he worked for three U.K. manufacturing companies, among which was the famous Leyland Motor Corporation.

In 1964, he and Peter Walker became business partners and started their own investment company called Slater Walker Securities. The company made it big thanks to Slater’s skills which were shown in some corporative takeovers. In only five years period, Slater Walker became a great industrial and financial conglomerate. In 1969 their investment company got transformed into an investment bank.

However, Slater’s business luck didn’t last very long. Soon after becoming an investment bank, Slater Walker Securities were shaken and finally collapsed during the U.K. recession in 1973-74. Recession had huge consequences on Slater, leaving him bankrupt.

After bankruptcy, Slater began the next chapter in his career, by changing the course of his career once again. This time, along with some private investing which helped him stand on his feet, he started a career as a financial writer. His column “The Capitalist” was very popular among U.K. investors as well as the general public. He used the column to share his investment methodologies with public. He also founded Investment advisory service which gathered statistics about all publicly traded U.K. companies. “Company REFS”, which was the name of his advisory service and famous column in Sunday Telegraph, made him the best professional investor in the country.

Jim Slater trading style
In his book “The Zulu Principle” that was published in 1992, he created the price-earnings to earnings-growth ratio (PEG). The PEG is equation that compares the growth and the value of investment and it is widely used in investment analysis. It shows long-term cost effectiveness of the investment. The stock wasn’t expensive for Slater as long as it has earnings growth high.

When investing, Slater usually picked companies that had small growth and whose market price was undervalued. In other words his investing style was finding small growing companies that were promising, before they would start growing.

Slater wasn’t satisfied with only being successful investor, columnist and investment guru, as he was called by the public. He also had a parallel career as an author of books for children. Even in his late years he remained active in investment business by investing in different small growth companies.

Jim Slater Quotes :

“Most leading brokers cannot spare the time and money to research smaller stocks. You are therefore more likely to find a bargain in this relatively under-exploited area of the stock market.”

Books :

A. Mazing Monsters
How to Become a Millionaire: Make Money While You Sleep ISBN 978-1-58799-152-3
Beyond the Zulu Principle: Extraordinary Profits from Growth Shares ISBN 978-1-58799-094-6
The Zulu Principle: Making Extraordinary Profits from Ordinary Shares ISBN 978-1-58799-095-3
The Armchair Investor: A Do-it-yourself Guide for Amateur Investors ISBN 978-0-7528-0775-1

Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Slater_%28accountant%29

George Soros was born in Budapest, Hungary in 1930. He went to study in England when he was 17, and in 1952 he graduated at the London School of Economics. After graduation, Soros started working in an Investment bank in London. Four years later he went to the United States to work as an investment analyst and a manager in three different New York based investment companies: F.M. Mayer from 1956 to 1959, Wertheim & Co. from 1959 to 1963 and Arnhold S. Bleichroeder from 1963 to 1973.
After gathering experience for seven years, he finally went working on his own. In 1973 he started the Hedge Fund Company, which later became the famous Quantum Fund. The Hedge Fund Company was very successful with a return of 30 % per year. During two decades of Soros leadership, there were two times when the returns on investment were more than 100%.

George Soros – The man who broke the Bank of England
There is an interesting anecdote about Soros business after which he became famous as “the man who broke the Bank of England”. In 1992 he invested 10 billion dollars on one currency speculation. The impact of that investment shorted the British pound. He risked losing 10 billion dollars in case he was wrong, but that wasn’t the case. The speculation was right and he made a profit of 1 billion dollars in a one day and the profit on the transaction was 2 billion dollars. That wasn’t the only time he shook a whole country with his investment decisions. Reportedly he was the “last drop” that started a financial crisis in Asia.

George Soros investment style
His investment style was not the one that other investors could copy. Accordingly, he had instinctive physical reaction which would direct him when to buy or sell. He was short term investor, in other words speculator who was willing to take bets with great stakes. He described financial markets as chaotic, where people – whose reactions are based on their emotions – do not use logical analysis.
He also claimed that investors in market had influence on one another and acted like herd. When one would move, the rest of the herd would follow him. He said that he also followed the herd, but never missed a chance to take the leading position in it.
Even though he had a rough time during his carrier with lots of ups and downs, he made a lot of people rich in the end, by speculating with billions of dollars. He was one of the wealthiest investors in the world.
The fortune that he collected gave him opportunity to work only partly in his investment company and spend more time devoting to his Open Society Foundation by donating money worldwide.
He also played an active role in politics by writing and lecturing on different subjects, like human rights education, political freedom and role of United States in the world.
Soros describe himself as a financial, philanthropist and philosophical speculator.

George Soros Quotes:

The financial markets generally are unpredictable. So that one has to have different scenarios… The idea that you can actually predict what’s going to happen contradicts my way of looking at the market.

Well, you know, I was a human being before I became a businessman.

Markets are constantly in a state of uncertainty and flux and money is made by discounting the obvious and betting on the unexpected.

I’m not doing my philanthropic work, out of any kind of guilt, or any need to create good public relations. I’m doing it because I can afford to do it, and I believe in it.

I put forward a pretty general theory that financial markets are intrinsically unstable. That we really have a false picture when we think about markets tending towards equilibrium.

Throughout the 19th century, when there was a laissez-faire mentality and insufficient regulation, you had one crisis after another. Each crisis brought about some reform. That is how central banking developed.

Stock market bubbles don’t grow out of thin air. They have a solid basis in reality, but reality as distorted by a misconception.

George Soros Portfolio (summer 2014)

Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soros_Fund_Management
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros