Introduction

This work, expected to briefly analyze the behavior of relations between the U.S. and Colombia, with emphasis on trade relations, without forgetting the implications of the bilateral agenda and the reality that presents a world that is in a stage of globalization.

As a strategic hint at the future of Colombia, shows the case of Mexico in globalization, and the case of productivity in Latin America.

In addition, NAFTA will be discussed, as a driver and an example of regional integration, it will touch the issue of tariff preferences, and suggest alternatives of both the United States economy, as with Mexico and Canada as a bloc.

The new economic realities necessitate integration policies in developing countries, no one can be alone and Colombia has shown no recent progress in this regard. Therefore we must look to other markets, other cultures and other realities to face the challenges of new realities and to better reach the new millennium.

1. COLOMBIA INTERNATIONAL AGENDA

International relations are undergoing a transition state and even turbulence, which require an intelligent adaptation of a good and timely information in order to develop a foreign policy of clear and specific-purpose interpretations.

Are witnessing the creation of a new order, where the internationalization process is stressed every day, making there is no activity in which one or the other way does not sit outside influence. Never more so than today, the challenges of autonomy and developing countries had been so linked to international variables. Furthermore, if in previous years there was some doubt about the relationship between domestic politics of a country and its foreign policy today is a fact beyond dispute. The case of Colombia is palpable. Separating the two areas leads to large errors that are detrimental to the security and national interest and certainly in the diagnosis and formulation of a proper foreign policy.

The priority themes on foreign policy are not only the topics around which turns the global agenda, while we have issues at the bilateral level should also deserve our full attention and receive a systematic management.

There can be no doubt that in the years ahead will continue to emphasize three major issues, which continue to focus on action by the international community: respect for human rights, the problem of illicit drugs and related products, and Environmental protection. For each one of them there, and will remain, a strong pressure of the main actors in international life for all companies comply with their commitments, freely accepted conventions and treaties.

The domestic behavior concerning such matters, is linked to the need to run a foreign policy which reflects national efforts in these fields. The bad image of Colombia called on the outside is not the cause of our national ills, but the result of an inner reality that has deviated considerably from the direction that we envision for the country.

As mentioned above, stand out within the themes that are part of the global agenda and that, therefore, Colombia should provide the most care, related to the phenomenon of illicit drugs, human rights and the environment, priority. But not enough, alone, with dealing with these issues at international level. It is indispensable to its proper internal management, where he lives a climate of violence that affects not only all citizens and its environment, but, of course, has effects beyond our borders and, therefore, the tools offered by cooperation between States should be exercised properly.

2. TOPICS OF THE INTERNATIONAL AGENDA COLOMBIA

2.1. Human Rights.

On the Colombian position against the Protection of Human Rights, it is important that the country definitively abandon the erroneous idea that the state is not someone who is forced explicitly and directly to their respect and promotion. [1] The Charter Policy and international commitments, both those held under the auspices of the United Nations and the Inter-American system, such as the Geneva Conventions and their additional protocols, requiring States to be faithful to its spirit and letter, by enforcing within the territory their jurisdiction.

The violations of these rights by citizens, constitute criminal conduct that should be tried and punished by the state without grounds that these behaviors exempt public authority of its obligations. We can not continue to insist that it is unfair that the international community to censure the Colombian government and ignore the violations committed by citizens and foreigners in its territory. It is the state obligated to honor their commitments, not only for their own actions and omissions, but also by the criminal conduct of citizens and when it is not tried and duly punished. That the social disorder and the permanent state of internal conflict hinder strict compliance with the commitments of the authority delegated public is undeniable, but this, in any event affect the obligation of the State in this delicate matter, which will continue to appear in first line of national problems.

International interest in the issue of human rights no longer lies solely with governments and intergovernmental bodies. It is increasingly strong influence of non-governmental organizations, national and international, involved in monitoring the conduct of countries regarding the protection of the rights of citizens. It is urgent that the acceptance of contemporary reality, which should lead to proactive management of relationships with these organizations. In general, they fulfill a necessary function of control to the States, identifying obstacles to the adequate protection of human rights both in law and in practice.

Beyond the criticism of Colombia for the events that threaten the integrity of persons, including the acquiescence of the authorities with irregular procedures of repression, censorship international opinion rightly laws as contrary to international commitments the country as the principle of respect due to the superior orders defense to liability as a cause and the excesses of military justice.

In the field of Human Rights, the Colombian State is subject to increasing international scrutiny and, in particular by the United States. This fact is supported by major changes in the international conception about the state undertakings in this field and a change in the concept of national security.

The frequent official sophistry, minimizing problems and naive and sometimes clumsy responses to the international documents censor us, convince officials in other states or international organizations, which Colombia does not have an institutional attitude on the subject would and only seeks to gain time and avoid negative statements, without solving the problems of the country.
Moreover, the lack of unity and continuity in state politics, seriously hampers the work. Actions to improve the protection of human rights in the country, are locked in the same public institutions, and lack of unity makes it impossible to plan a coherent international action. Just weak and disjointed that the work of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in this field.

It is therefore necessary that the Human Rights policy gravitate in a serious effort, backed by real commitment by the President of the Republic, the Colombian State to effectively combat the violation and seek the necessary institutional reforms. It is essential that this policy is made based on a high-level definition to generate a common strategy. It might be thought to create for this purpose a National Human Rights Commission consisting of the ministries of Interior, Defense, Justice and Law and Foreign Affairs and the Presidential Council for Human Rights and Peace, to present a methodological proposal on strategies to continue the government in this area and report regularly on results achieved.

It is also important, of course, strengthen the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to form a Permanent H
uman Rights Unit with dedicated staff, not subject to rotation in other positions, in order to develop the knowledge and skill necessary to meet international commitments required to submit periodic reports, answering the requirements of the different political and legal bodies of the international system and addressing the processes being conducted against Colombia. It is also necessary to strengthen other institutions in this field in order to support this responsibility from the institutions of foreign policy. These officials must have access to all documents that are not under judicial restraint in the Colombian state.

2.2. Drug Trafficking.

The policy response to the growing significance of psychoactive drugs has to continue under the sign of international cooperation, as a global problem it is. No outdated nationalism and false statements about an alleged national sovereignty, which features in the late twentieth century have nothing to do with the principles of international conduct encouraged in the last century. The country has to guide their actions, at their discretion, for obvious reasons of universality. The mid-term target should be the implementation of international legislation, to facilitate, by all means, the activities of the community of nations against the criminal activities of illicit drug trafficking and related, as the diversion of chemical precursors, money laundering, smuggling of arms and explosives.

On the other hand, the strategy to combat the drug problem that arises in a comprehensive actions has oversized interdiction response to the problem. Thus socio-economic intervention strategies and public health address the problem of production and consumption are assigned a second-order priority within the national context and the management of Colombia’s foreign policy on the issue.

A Colombia circumstances that he has had problems handling this issue off the international community, we must add the fragility of its ability to generate accurate information that is not subject to questioning by the international community. It is suggested that Colombia develop the means to produce and analyze information on the scale of the problem within the country and the results of their actions on drugs.

In addition, the increasingly active participation of the legislative chambers on the problems of drugs, not always bright or motivated by reasons of public interest, have added a new factor of confusion in the handling of the case. Should be organized more efficiently the various aspects of the fight against drug trafficking, through a rationalization of the institutional tools and human and financial resources to prevent further disorder that has characterized the official action in this field.

2.3. Environment.

The challenge of environmental protection, requires also an international perspective. What is certain is that the imperatives of development in less industrialized countries have to be reconciled with domestic and international interest in preserving natural resources and biodiversity. However, the progress made in recent years to define the scope of policies that ensure sustainable development, namely, the one that strikes a balance between development needs and protection of nature, the truth is that there is still the lack of consensus on the practical implications of this conceptual approach.

The starting point of the dispute between advocates of the Environment and who put the needs of development to environmental considerations, emerged during the Stockholm Conference of 1972. Subsequent econometric analysis have shown the correlation between increased per capita income and quantitative indicators on improving environmental quality. Twenty years later, in the Rio Conference of 1992, the industrialized countries, particularly the United States, vehemently defended the thesis in favor of development policies, not called neoliberalism, as they relate to their own interests. They claim that environmental problems in the physical sense – biotic, can only be solved with the opening of economies, increasing competition and thereby increasing productivity, gross domestic product growth and as a result of all this , the reduction of poverty. This model, apparently simple but full of assumptions difficult to perform, has had serious consequences for the management of environmental protection in all countries, rich and poor, due to the consequent postponement of the attention to environmental investments, which must wait where an adequate level of income per capita or having resolved the problems that affect the stability and the pace of economic growth.

For Colombia, there are at present two challenges: first, is to seriously evaluate the consequences for the country’s development arising from the multitude of commitments that have been gaining in international forums, often unwittingly their implications. The second, on the need for institutional strength to the management of environmental policy, currently scattered in various agencies without the necessary financial and human resources. Under this administrative aspect, it is necessary to redefine the functions of Regional Corporations face of the purview of the Ministry of Environment, and clearly define the environmental obligations of local and regional authorities.

Obviously, there must be also a close coordination between the Ministry of Environment and the Colombian Foreign Ministry, responsible for setting international policies in all fields.

3. INSTITUTIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF FOREIGN POLICY

Several factors have driven through most of our republican history the dejection state of our international relations. Colombian society, not homogeneous, divided into multiple geographic and cultural isolation from the rest of the world, has never given much importance to the international dimension of their problems and concerns. As a result of public indifference, governments, with few exceptions, foreign policy has been relegated to the bottom of its agenda, as proven by the financial abandonment and human resources who have always lived in the agencies responsible for the conduct of international politics. It is not therefore surprising that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has traditionally been the Cinderella of public administration.

For a proper and consistent development of the themes of the International Agenda Colombian increasingly evident the urgent need for a strong Chancellor, modern and highly professional, which also has solid and permanent channel of dialogue at different levels of public administration.

Given the complexity world, who have the responsibility to design and carry out the policies of the country should become increasingly specialized. It also requires strong political will to avert the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the vices of bureaucracy and politicking that have traditionally been.

Also following a traditional course of our politics, we are constantly changing laws and organizational regulations of the Ministry of foreign service and diplomatic career, as if the chronic deficiencies were the result of wrong or inappropriate standards. There has been no government in the last decades has decided to immortalize with reforms, as was natural to expect, have never served to improve the delivery of the diplomatic service or to brighten our foreign policy.

The last Foreign Service Organic Act of the diplomatic and consular dates from January 3, 1992. In the same year, by Decree No. 2126 of 29 December, the Ministry was restructured and identified the functions of their units, creating among other things, the Directorate General of the Diplomatic Academy of San Carlos, assigned to the office of Minister.

In the past, what is now called the Diplomatic Academy was named after the Colombian Institute of International Studies and its activities were limited to the selection of applicants to join the diplomatic service and the preparation of promotion courses for officials of the Ministry it w
as not yet established the requirement for such officials to perform a prior course of a year. Today, the Academy has such a course aimed at preparing people to enter into the diplomatic or consular and into the ministry, to conclude.

In May of this year, called the last contest in which 35 candidates were selected, which formed the group for the annual course and entered the plant after internal ministry as third secretaries. You can not hide, however, that the real diplomatic service in the country is still inefficient and has so far given the expected results. Despite the efforts that have been made at times to compensate for many years overdue, is still prevalent the inveterate habit of patronage, which still carries a significant advantage over the true professionalism.

As clearly demonstrate numerous examples of countries that have managed to organize its diplomatic activity, the key requirement is the quality of staff and continuity of effort, not a body of legislation that always comes in Colombia. The preparation of those who have to devote to the diplomatic life and the selection criteria is the irreplaceable basis for effective international action. In both respects we have been erratic, and sluggish. Attempts have been made in perfecting the diplomatic corps have been timid and without political support and, usually, before applying the rules with determination and firmness, new changes are proposed to remedy what can not be remedied on the basis of provisions legislation. A good example is the project you are currently enrolled in the Chambers to amend, for the umpteenth time, the diplomatic corps, before the current rules have been implemented fully. In Colombia, as has been said ad nauseam, there are laws for everything. What is missing is the ability to govern our lives according to those laws.

The same obsession with ongoing regulatory changes, took us thirty years ago to radically alter the composition of the Advisory Committee on Foreign Affairs, which since its inception at the beginning of the century had been providing valuable services to the country. The original idea had a successful practice development, which left a pool of capital importance in research and studies on the most diverse aspects of international life in the country. Composed of independent experts, was actually a government advisory group, always taken into account in making decisions in difficult times and for the general orientation of foreign policy. Since he ceased to be what it was for so many years, the Commission, composed now, after several reforms, with a highly political approach, with presidents, parliamentarians and political representatives of the government with their alternates, has not produced a single study that deserves the name of such. Sporadically called for ex-post facto informed decisions and positions already taken, its contribution has grown from a collection of reviews of its members on current issues that affect the orientation of the Colombian foreign policy.

However the error made in 1991, without justification, by raising to the Advisory Commission on constitutional body, its composition is determined by law. Since the Constitution says nothing about the functions, they are also setting legislative matters. Here is an example of a current law, 68, 1993, a radical reform that deserves to return to the Advisory Commission features that should never have lost.

Paradoxically, the meetings of the Advisory Body are called “ordinary and informative,” which means, almost certainly, that the Advisory Commission, which does not escape from the intricacies of politics, is just currently a body of political support for decisions already taken by the Executive.

In short, it would seem an exaggeration to conclude that Colombia, strictly speaking, has lacked an institutional structure that allows you to exercise its foreign policy. Implicit in this are structural and political problems that it is urgent to fix. The country must, among other things, have long-term institutional plans that provide the support necessary to create the conditions for carrying out a foreign policy seriously. While there are a number of institutional settings, it is also necessary that the Public Administration staff can retain that has invested time and resources.

4. TRADE AND INTEGRATION

Trade liberalization and economic openness have imposed radical changes in the foreign policy of all countries. Colombia will have to continue making great efforts to adjust its foreign policy to these new economic realities. Trade liberalization has been linked to another new phenomenon, which contradicts to some extent: the formation of large regional blocs, in one way or another, are protected from extra-regional competition, despite its apparent universal. These three regional blocs, formed by the United States, Mexico and Canada, the European Union and Asian countries so far led by Japan, but very close with the possibility of being dominated by China, are the axes around which tour almost all international trade.

In Latin America, besides the view, still far from complete integration, there is still uncertainty about the possibility of an extension of free trade in North America, which covers the rest of the hemisphere opposite to absorption by the Mercosur regional economies of some successful integration gradually between Mercosur and the Andean Pact.

The responsibility of Colombia has had in the creation and development of the Andean Group twisting forces the country to adopt a consistent policy on the future of their trade relations with its neighbors. You can not hide the fact that the current Andean Community has revolved almost exclusively around the trade between Colombia and Venezuela, countries that have maintained their momentum and, undoubtedly, are the biggest beneficiaries of this experience of integration.

Colombia has to bear an internal policy on sectoral development, whereby those sectors important to boost economic growth and employment generation. This, in turn, is linked with the need to strengthen productive infrastructure in line with the country’s economic needs, to be in a position to comply with obligations in terms of integration and free trade obligations, which generate some benefits, To date, our economy has been unable to take advantage.

This country was referred to the urgent need to prioritize its foreign policy both commercial and political relations, as it is not possible to continue spreading so much effort into wanting to do everything at once, leading to a huge confusion of the international agenda in Colombia. We have not heard, until now, these efforts must concentrate on strengthening bilateral relations with Venezuela, the preferential attention to the Andean Community, the prospect of continental integration in the approach to the European Union in the still Gas reality of the Pacific Rim, or the always complex relations with the United States. While no clear definition of our priority concerns, you can not seriously address the challenges of trade integration.

Are not enough, the definition of priorities and a minimum of continuity in action on trade policy with foreign countries. It requires a coherent and effective institutional management for success. The speed with which imposed trade liberalization, combined with the traditional administrative confusion in the country, has led to the proliferation of private and government spokesmen, with the obvious consequence that no official agency feels responsible, ultimately, policy commercial. It has never been able to concentrate in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs coordinated the various aspects of foreign policy, including trade policy, and even the creation of appropriate Ministry of Foreign Trade has served to clarify responsibilities and establish a national policy respect, different from the divergent policies of different ministries.

5. RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES

No doubt that bilateral relations between Colombia and the U.S. have deteriorat
ed, even greater than experienced in 1903 with the separation of Panama, the loss of the canal and the waterway, so significant for the country’s integration at the global level. Today, ad portas XXI century, tensions on the occasion of the problem of illicit drugs and organized crime, seriously affect bilateral relations and engage in a very negative real incorporation of Colombia in the new world that has emerged as a result of end of the Cold War and the advanced process of globalization.

The issue of relations with the United States can no longer be treated with immature emotionalism that has characterized the official reactions in recent years. We must accept the fact that these relations have always been and will remain, with certain types of circumstances, asymmetrical relations, which must be handled with full awareness of this essential feature. Without ever leaving the concept of national dignity, which can not be limited to burning flags and use of offensive epithets, we must develop a professional and serious diplomacy, based on collaboration and the need to find space for the defense of national interests . The merits of an efficient diplomacy is not manifest in relations with countries weak and of little influence, but strong nations and capable of determining the course of world events.

With regard to relations with the United States, in addition to this factor of inequality, there is a huge additional difficulty of the dispersion of the decision centers on the international front that characterizes the American political system. This phenomenon has led, unconsciously, to act with a similar spread in contacts with various social, political and economic of the country’s north, which do not contribute to generating a mutual respect and trust.

As the weakness of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has been a constant in our political life, has never been a lead agency and coordinator of our foreign policy, let alone the United States, against which all national characters and all groups social feel entitled to say, with the inevitable disruption that this causes.

Our future relations with that country require reliability, research, professionalism and continuity. The constant change of diplomatic envoys, the ease with which our authorities are saying about these relationships and situational motivation and small domestic politics that determine, in general, our attitude with the United States, are vices that need to change in the future.

However, the geopolitical situation of our country follows, logically, that the commercial and political relationship with the United States is very important. The United States will remain our best buyer and best seller and, therefore, we must continue developing economic arrangements that provide stability to the business relationship. Use should be studying and working to link Colombia to NAFTA, for, later, reach a certain independence to the integration of the Americas, FTAA.

But more importantly for the future of our relations with other States is to build a relationship of trust and institutional policy to allow the challenges of a complex relationship more daring and less defensive. In order to build a trusting relationship, Colombia, as a State, shall promote the study of the functioning of American foreign policy and to understand in a more comprehensive and accurate guide that the possibilities of bilateral relationship.

Introduction

In the last decades of the twentieth century witnessed a series of socio-economic change and cultural complexity whose vertiginous and not supported by precedent and our country is not foreign to it. Caen quickly all kinds of walls and barriers between nations at the same time it widens the gap in the level of human development by entering the various peoples.

The world is flooded with forms of production and consumption, an overwhelming concern about the deterioration of natural resources, progress on poverty, however, refers to a new phenomenon that has grown into a paradigm for developing countries.

Globalization encompasses a process of increasing internationalization of financial capital, industrial and commercial new international political relations and the emergence of new production processes and consumption distributive geographically relocated, expanded and intensive use of technology unprecedented.

Is why we try to work in the course of translating an integral conclusion of a particular issue for which we must rely on research, analysis and conjectures of their own, trying to maintain a vision of reality as a whole. In other words we seek to overcome the isolation of different disciplines that address this topic to achieve a mutual influence and arriving at a joint response. Arriving in this way to effective communication between our different specialties.

On the main theme of identity, we will try to develop in the paper the following hypothesis group.

The cultural identity of the various peoples now be homogenized or generalized according to certain common standards up to a standardized culture. This process is facilitated by the generative powers of new consumer needs, which in turn handle the media and the production offered.

Given the new socio-cultural scene that is presented before our eyes in this century, within which developers parade change certain processes, such as a growing “… weight loss of local public institutions and national benefit of transnational conglomerates reach … “” … the reformulation of the settlement patterns and urban living … “” … the reprocessing of the same, due to the predominance of goods and messages from a globalized economy and culture on generated in the city and the nation to which it belongs, “the consequent redefinition of the sense of belonging and identity …” peoples and “the passage of the citizen as a public representative of the citizen as a consumer interested in enjoying a certain quality of life “, be questioned about the negative impact they cause on cultural realities of peoples, including their identities, accepting as a fact of life the march towards the global village as an example of constitution of the world towards the homogenization of the planet in the political, economic and social.

To give a more detailed view of the above, and achieve the proper range to the terms used in the hypothesis, we draw on some basic definitions to explain what we mean by them.

The identity of a people is given by “what a subject is represented when we recognize or acknowledge to another person as a member of that town. This is an inter-representation, shared by a majority of the members of a people, that would constitute a collective self. “

The homogenization is a process whereby two or more elements are configured according to common guidelines, to acquire the same nature or kind.

Adhering to the definition given by the Magisterium of the Church through the Document of Puebla, “with the word” culture “indicates the particular way in a village, men cultivate their relationship with nature, among themselves and with God . It is the common way of life that characterizes the various peoples, so we talk about multiculturalism. That is, the set of values that animate and disvalues which weaken and to even be shared in common by its members, meets on the basis of a single collective consciousness. “

In general, the standard concept derived from that in ordinary language particularly in the production of goods: one item, a piece that is sufficiently widespread, generalized, common as to become typical and universal.

The power groups, in our opinion, are a social unit consisting of a number of individuals who have a status and mutual relations stable, and have a set of values or rules governing their conduct. These are relationships, real or elements (political, economic, social, etc.) Sufficient to carry out their achievements and influence over other groups and society by all possible means using a resource management business. They create new consumer needs, “they are an irresistible impulse to act requires in a certain way inevitably causes.”

On this basis we will try to develop the theme of identity, focused from the point of view we have given on the assumption group, with the aim to give a specific scenario about it.
This work will be approached from different angles, such as cultural, sociological, economic and political, thereby attempting to perform the interdisciplinary raised earlier.
Based on the foregoing, we propose the following hypothesis individual:
The media and the process of globalization influence the consumption of individuals and through this, in the collective identity of a people, whether creating in new needs, either by making them dependent on objects of consumption and gender, Thus, the habit of consumption. Within this context, however, do not fade or diminish the ability of individuals to choose between the alternatives offered by the big market for those that best meets your needs.

Through this paper aims, first to characterize the type of culture is being forged at the end of the millennium and how it affects us not only as individuals in society, but also as consumers.

With the passage of time consumption habits are changing, as well as, how to put the product in contact with people is different to that which existed a couple of years ago. Technological advances in production and distribution of goods and services, make it possible nowadays to get the same product in Argentina than in Japan.

These changes not only affected the economy of a country but also in the customs and traditions of the same, hence in the first chapter will address the problems of identity, what happens when you lose it or it is subject, and this will be related to that is globalization, which has effect in our lives, the benefits it brings, as well as the damage it causes, especially in underdeveloped countries that lack the resources necessary and appropriate to address these changes that are taking place worldwide.
In a second chapter will determine the impact of media in society, how they influence the identity of a people and in consumer habits. People want to be “up”, wants to possess the “ultimate”, with the paradoxical result, moreover, that when you purchased the “ultimate”, the “new” and has proceeded to mercado.Vivimos short programs embedded in in the ever-changing standards and the encouragement to live the moment: This has emerged as the main axis of social temporality.

And finally touch the specific topic of consumption. As individuals act against a call option, that is your attitude when they have to choose how to meet your needs, and related to this issue as an influence consumption in the individual’s identity. We can also say that the changes in consumption change the identity of society, new customs, new habits move old producing a constantly renewed and changing tastes.

I. A socio-cultural reality of the millennium
I.1 The identity and postmodernism.

We mean by cultural identity.

Give a correct answer to this question, means undertaking an arduous process, the issue of identity is rich and complex.

“Individuals are involved in a social reality, personal development can not be dissociated from the exchange with her, her personality is forged in their participation, beliefs, attitudes, behaviors of the groups to
which it belongs. That collective reality is a way to feel, understand and act in the world and shared lifestyles, which are expressed in institutions, behaviors covered in short what we mean by culture. The problem of identity of people refer to their culture. “

For anthropologists, culture is, first, an integrated whole, a totality that are organically articulated different dimensions of social life that enable the identification, communication and interaction between individuals.

Santillan Guemes, in his book “Cultures, creation of the people”, defines culture as the cultivation of a holistic way of life, ie, appears as the medium created by mankind to engage in dialogue with the universe.

The new international phenomenon: globalization planet, has opposite effects, such as cultural homogenization and fragmentation, these effects have collapsed traditional identities. Through mechanisms: deterritorialization and deshistorialización.

“We must understand that the process of globalization, deterritorialization encourage moves out of national borders, accelerating mobility conditions and” extrication “. The process of globalization of culture engenders, hence new identity reference.

Globalization impacts the process of identifying people because she stands in front of other individuals who act as role models to resemble or differ. That is, “… the new sensitivities and lifestyle, the crisis of the senses, values and beliefs instituted, the growing proprietary, neonarcisismo and hedonism, finally, the cultural transformations of contemporary society, raise crucial questions of political action which affect both its ethical dimension and institutional, including the need to rebuild the collective identities. “

The identity is not given in advance: they are constructed, are learned, evolve. It is not something that comes once and forever.

At first glance, a group is manifested by the simple fact that its members have in common a set of symbols, territory, history, etc. However, up close, the notion of identity becomes more problematic, in fact, connotes an essence of identity, which implies invariance, homogeneity, permanence. Now, everyone knows that identities change, arise and disappear. Therefore, when any change in the identity of a people, it is in crisis until they become to accommodate the new structures, that is, until individuals accept and adopt as their own the new changes.

“On the identity of a people can understand what a subject is represented when we recognize or acknowledge to another person as a member of that town. This is an inter-representation, shared by a majority of the members of a people, that would constitute a collective self. “

The identities are different and unequal, because its creators, the bodies that build, benefit from different positions of power and legitimacy. Specifically, the identities are in a field of struggle and conflict in the prevailing power lines designed by the logic of the machine of society.

The problem of identity has been perhaps the central problem of our culture. Identity is regarded as the most important facet of certain struggles both peaceful and violent. It has been present at the phenomenon of modernity and postmodernity is before.

The currency is mainly characterized by criticism, rationality and utopia, is formed a “human project” as a way of seeing reality and acting within it. At their utility in modern objects you add that sense the same transition in the postmodern. Never before have ruled out things so quickly because of the precariousness of life. As soon as some objects are discarded and replaced by faster new things, the greater the dependence on them. Things become “commodities.” It did not believe in values, virtues and institutions like the family, workplace, and enhances the charm, friendliness, spontaneity. Along with its broad appeal, its speed, its animation and the incessant movement of people, lives decay and loneliness. As Maria Cristina Reigadas says in his book “Between the norm and the way political culture today,” the reversal and multiplication of different worlds, casual, contingent, fragmented, we face the difficulty of placing and developing the presence and positioning of another under normal modes and those associated with modernity. And, therefore, to develop and maintain, from the encounter with others, our own identity.

When the pace of change accelerates, it is very difficult to establish identity positions. The melt formed identities: the crisis of alterity is identity crisis, said Maria Cristina Reigadas.

The world economic order requires standardizing patterns of consumption, and this is not achieved only through aggressive economic policies or through advertising commercials focused on constantly renewed supply of products. What spreads is primarily a cultural model that generates oriented attitude and motivation to adopt new styles and ways of life, past and regardless of the specific forms that both assume, what is broadcast is a sort of ” a priori “constant and changing consumption, which installs the citizen at the eminent role of the consumer. Thus, the desire for community and participation embodied in interpretive communities of consumers who shared identities are given.

“We’re moving away from the time when identities are defined by essences ahistorical: it is now configured on consumption rather depends on what one has or is able to reach appropriate. The constant changes in production technologies in the design of objects, communication, unstable identities become fixed in inventories of goods exclusive to one ethnic or national community. “

That is, the global economy is defining an identity more closely linked to the goods to which access to the place where born.

The search for collective identity.

As Villoro Luis says in his book “State plural and plurality of cultures, peoples who are subject to a relationship of colonization, marginalization agency or other countries, ruling makes them search for his identity.

The search for identity is not necessarily linked to situations of colonization or dependence. Also other situations of social disintegration can lead to a feeling of identity crisis.

In the new process, the perceived fragility of the collective and personal identity, it is being threatened by the processes of internalization, by the deployment of a homogenized culture that is imposed through the media and are looking for, Therefore, a system of guarantees that the comforting, to give security. Not only exaggerated nationalism is a response to these processes, the regional economic protectionism, the defense of the same, the claim of ethnic identities, are examples of reactions to the globalization of lifestyles and cultural standardization the world. Are taking strong destructuring and restructuring, creating new social cleavages and true subcultures, which promote the disintegration of local cultures.

The search for a collective identity aspires to the imaginary construction of a figure drawn by ourselves, that we oppose the other’s eyes.

Recognizing our identity is to recognize our differences, “We Argentines, but also recognize others. Now, it happens that not only know the other cultures but also turn to them or certain elements of them.

The road to the identity takes different forms depending on the situation at hand. The preservation of one’s identity is an essential element of resistance to being absorbed by a dominant culture. It has to be in the form of an affirmation, sometimes excessive, the cultural tradition, language, customs.

The construction of cultural identity must be understood as a process of political struggle between social factions, always provisional and uncertain, that passes through the defense and construction of expressive and reflective spaces that allow for multiple aesthetic and social events. Subcultures and counterculture have been built disputing those spaces. It is the dynamics of its formation, generates its i
nternal links and acquires a social identity.

In the search for identity, as Villoro says, you can recognize some common features:

This is opposed to the image that we are a down to take another point of view, an image that we revalue compensatory. Revalued self-representation may follow two different routes: going to a recovered or follow another tradition more authentic way: accepting the situation experienced and integrated into a new project chosen.

This representation of himself can replace the disintegration of images that can be one people, by a unitary figure.

The representation of national or ethnic identity may not be shared by all, be related to a project of a particular group within society and serve their interests.

The pillars of identity are: to know their own history, recognize our values, practicing self-esteem and dignity.

I.2 Globalization: open borders.

Possibilities it offers.

Is a process that everyone recognizes as the most decisive of the nineties, but found very conflicting opinions. While not a new process has been taken up with greater emphasis on developing countries as a premise to achieve specific economic growth and eradicate poverty.

The origins of the phenomenon date back to the two decades following the Second World War, in which the industrialized countries of North America, Europe and Asia achieved GDP growth rates three times higher than in the preceding 130 years, which turn causes a global expansion of commercial transactions in these countries.

In order to regulate the growing trade relations, the countries in question generated an economic and political strategy to release all barriers to free trade, implemented by the Import Substitution Strategy. Proceeds from this are the GATT negotiations, the creation of the IMF and World Bank, the sub-regional free trade areas, etc.

This process was accelerated by the various crises which was immersed in the international environment in 1971 (dollar crisis), 1973 and 1979 (oil crisis) and 1982 (debt crisis), another element assisted the rapid advance of it was the emergence of an economic theory in line with the requirements of the phenomenon: Neoliberalism

Globalization is a multidimensional process, although there are reasons to believe that is primarily an economic process from changes made possible by science and technology.

The indissoluble link that is generated in the twentieth century between science and technology makes it possible to accelerate, broaden and strengthen the process of globalization, especially in its economic and cultural rights. “

The digitization of human communication has revolutionized the production, storage and access to information. If the industrial revolution multiplied the force of man, the evolution of information multiplies the capacity of the human brain. Today information has been democratized, and is available to anyone who owns a computer and a modem for Internet access.

In fact, one can know what is happening in remote corners of the universe. We can move in a few hours at the most remote and different places and cultures, and live with different lifestyles. We can see the Earth from outside and from far away with the plane and sent by satellite photos.

The new technologies are creating a world where values and the impact of economies on one side to another culture and human values are being shaped by electronic media. Never before have companies had been completely subordinated to the commercial market to determine their values and models.

Just as economic globalization tends to establish borderless markets, the information revolution makes possible the destruction of language barriers and mutual isolation, is no national borders for information. The TV has created a pervasive cultural force as ever before been seen, both in intensity and in scope.

Must see globalization as an autonomous process that impacts on cultures that passively receive its consequences? Although not recognize it, sometimes you think globalization is the new name of imperialism.

Parallel to globalization have been reinvigorated nationalist (ethno), have increased efforts to revitalize ethnic identities of its constitution or by other cultural sectors in the world, religious feelings have returned, in addition to fundamentalism various kinds.

These processes of resistance are usually in countries that depend more on economic, political and cultural, have themselves turned their potential ethnic, that is, have affirmed their own identity, distinct symbolic aspects of their culture that has been become the benchmark for identity.
In Argentina, for example, had returned to folk music boom, tango, and these are typical examples of how this is to reaffirm a cultural symbol to counter the continuing invasion of foreign music.

Globalization gives the man more likely to know the truth and to access the beauty Why, then, awakens so many warnings? Why resurface hard all these processes of resistance?

The man placed in the center of this process, feels he has lost the protection of the various bodies that formerly contained. The old segmentation between countries tends to be overcome by further segmentation within these, on the one hand the cultural groups that have the necessary knowledge to create wealth and communicate with the outside world, and on the other, the new poor, excluded from the banquets of the new opportunities because they lack the necessary skills to enter the labor market and communication.

“The so-called globalization processes result in the redistribution of privileges and offal, wealth and poverty, and dispossession resources, power and powerlessness, freedom and restriction. Territorial divisions and segregation imposed identity and promotes the globalization of markets and information, do not reflect the diversity of partners on an equal footing.

Just 22% of global wealth belongs to the so-called developing countries, covering 80% of the world population. “

The benefits of globalization are being unevenly distributed between regions, between countries and within them, which leads to severe fragmentation and polarization processes.

Globalization gives extremely wealthy countries new opportunities to make money faster. They have used technology to move large sums of money around the globe with great speed and increased efficiency speculate.

Globalization is a paradox, greatly benefits very few at a time that excludes or marginalizes two-thirds of the world population.

As García Canclini says in his book “Consumers and Citizens”, internationalization was an opening of the geographic boundaries of each society to incorporate material and symbolic goods of others. Globalization is a functional interaction of economic and cultural activities scattered, goods and services generated by a system with many centers, which care more about the speed over the world geographical positions from which it operates.

Globalization is always, “glocalization” (N. Garcia Canclini), which involves spatial changes that affect the ways and specific lifestyles of people, product scale changes and the acceleration of changes in especially those due to technological innovation and increasing levels of complexity of urban life. So I reconfigured the systems of perception and representation of time and space, which constitute the basic fabric of life worlds, the concrete history of individuals and social groups, their myths and rituals.

These changes are supported by an unprecedented acceleration in technological processes, both as regards the pace of innovation itself and in regard to the time lag between innovation and its incorporation into production. This process began in the ’70s and has become branded as the “third technological and industrial revolution.” Has settled in electronics, computing, robotics, new materials, genetics and biotechnology.

These are just some of the facets of a globalized world. Also pres
ent are the following economic effects:

The standardization of products and services: this means that they have little or no variation between countries or regions where they are distributed.

Reduction of tariff barriers: has introduced the so-called mass consumption products, allowing many countries to have access to them.

Economy of scale: it involves making the products more competitive with low-cost strategy.

The creation of large corporations and integration of businesses allows greater control of the market.
The increasing integration of national economies to global markets because of the latter depends on the growth and stability of those.

Setting up large areas of integrated trade.

Unit or Domination?

What for some is a process of integration, either by assimilation, enculturation, or syncretism and juxtaposition, for others it may mean the destructuring and disintegration of their identities, fragmentation and exclusion, identity mutation, transfiguration of the matrix original. The process of globalization, as is occurring in the reality does not generate a dynamic one but two complementary and opposite dynamic:

Globalization

The reaffirmation of identity (location).

There is an increasing transnationalization of capital market, the market for new technology and products market. This, coupled with a decentralization of production, has meant that the markets are increasingly globalized. But all this globalized market, a central element of it, the labor force remains outside this process. Just consider the growing obstacles that the European Union, United States, for example, put to immigrants who seek work.

The mass media, new technologies, software, rock music, Coca

Cola, jeans, shopping MacDonald or the hegemony of the English language, are examples of globalization, are a direct consequence of the accentuation of cultural imperialism and the imposition of the “American way of life”.

The globalization phenomenon is not expressed only in the economy and the trends mentioned, indeed contradictory, about the nation-state, but also in the sociocultural level. While McLuhan had already spoken in the sixties of a “Global Village”, advances in recent years have further promoted communication between different parts of the globe.

Globalization as superfluously raised by the media proves to be the new way of life that we humans confined, and which contains a wide range of factors that even though many are invisible to the careless eye average citizen, and consistently strong influence in the course of our everyday

Joaquín Estefanía, defines economic globalization as “the process by which national economies are increasingly integrated within the framework of the international economy, so that your progress will depend increasingly on international markets and less government policies” . On this conception and to the extent of the possibilities of space I intend to observe the phenomenon of globalization in his best-known practical front “Neoliberalism” on the economies of the periphery, more precisely on Latin American economies.

Luis Javier Garrido rightly points out that “The problem the state is in the center of discussions of neoliberal policies, as these have tended to convert the old national states, supported by the protection of social rights and policies welfare, subordinate states to international financial centers and functional power of the new policies that tend to reduce the human being in terms of economic interests of large corporations. “

Thus we find as the first years of post-war, the victorious powers (USA, UK, France, etc..) Seeking to impose to countries of the periphery of its policies of open markets, while what was needed to support these decided to develop their economies through models such as import substitution. Cases like this have been repeated countless times in the Latin American scene, as the proximity to the United States conditions us to be their constant presence in the continental forums and as is well known today more than ever the Yankee imperialist claims have been strengthened after the fall of their ideological opposition.

The situation of our economies is clearly disadvantageous from several points of view: first-and only as a reference, it is clear that the third wave has not arrived with sufficient cogency to our people, which puts us well below competitiveness of other economies.

On the other hand is impressive the way as fast as the lifestyle, customs, traditions and other cultural heritages are changed, eliminated, modified, and finally invaded by the global position, all thanks to the help of national elites who ultimately are the beneficiaries after the dismantling of the welfare state.

The “enduring truth” in which powerful countries trying to convince world public opinion is not one in which they, as champions of justice and defend freedom and democracy worldwide interests so that no oppressor steal the right civilized human beings to live in dignity.

The cruel reality is as it has become apparent that rather than be the planetary protectors are the exploiters and the usurpers of democracy, and no wonder the observation when we find that our welfare depends on their well-being and our security theirs, too, namely that the imposition is absolute when defending the security and national interests involved, theirs.

In recent years we have been able to attend the confirmation of capitalism as a world economic system, except in places where they have not been imposed, this phenomenon brings another phenomenon that is the seizure of power by transnational companies that are finally power behind the government, very wisely taken these as shields and then sacrificed as scapegoats against the estate.

The power of international economic bodies has gradually fallen into the hands of these new masters who are neither here nor there, but have their interests everywhere, these are the real germ of globalization that is rarely we are shown for those who succumb to our states and countries who are offered on a silver platter without any possibility of complaint unless the tracks in fact and in enabling Mexico to 90s.

To complete the picture as a conclusion, empirical observation has shown that cultural globalization has come to Latin America in a positive, but as a disguised tax that has been abandoning national identities, to the point of contempt, technology wave that needed to efficiently integrate new dimensions not accessible to most people, leading to low competitiveness compared to other blocks, and most unfortunate is that we no longer – proportionately – colonies of exploitation with the complicity of national elites.

Notes, Sources and Resources

Global Society. Education, markets and democracy. The Critique of Actually Existing Neoliberalism. Luis Garrido
Global Society. Education, markets and democracy. Democracy And Markets In The World Order Editorial Joaquin Mortiz Noam Chomsky Mexico 1996
The New Economy, Globalization, Joaquin Estefania

In spite of the various speeches about the importance of free trade in the world, industrialized countries still protect their agricultural sectors and by arguments of safety, child labor and other trade restrictions remain strong for the weak.

The argument was clear: the liberalization of underdeveloped economies make them more efficient and competitive.

Under this argument the agricultural, industrial and services throughout Latin America were subject to processes of adjustment and dismantling protectionist regimes were controlled by the States with greater emphasis on free market forces.

The results of these policies have been mixed, the sectors accounted for more competitive after the opening are the ones who suffer most, while intermediate and advanced dynamic sectors.

The clearest case is that of agriculture, many agricultural products and many cultivated areas have disappeared and in many cases net exporters of agricultural products have been flooded with foreign agricultural products.

This phenomenon under free competition would have to do with the cost competitiveness of economies, but Why in countries with higher production costs (developed) agricultural economies remain intact?.

The answer is simple: protection.

FORMS OF PROTECTION:

Prices: These are taxes charged on imports of a product.

Rates are divided into two categories:

· Specific rates are imposed for imported goods.
· The tariffs imposed by volume.

The goal is to impose tariffs to protect domestic producers and employees of foreign competitors, as well as to increase government revenues.

Grants: These are offered government aid to domestic product.

The grants may be awarded in various forms such as cash grants, low interest loans, and participation and government intervention in domestic firms, in order to make the market stronger.

Import Quotas: quantitative restriction on the amount of goods can be imported into a country.

Special Permits: Permits or special certificates for the entry of products: legal requirements, health permits and so on.

Administrative Trade Policy: Are the bureaucratic rules that are designed to make difficult the entry of goods into a country. Put up barriers if other countries want to import their products. Generally apply to agricultural products.

Tosas these forms of protection apply unfortunately in one way that makes developing countries lose development opportunities.

THE ROLE OF THE WTO: World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization is the legal and institutional foundations of the multilateral trading system. From it derive the principal contractual obligations determining how governments set and implement national laws and trade regulations. It is also the platform on which to develop trade relations between countries through a collective exercise of debate, negotiation and prosecution.

The WTO must ensure that international trade is conducted legally work under a system of rules dedicated to the achievement of free competition, fair and undistorted. The non-discrimination rules are intended to secure fair conditions of trade, is also the subject of those on dumping and subsidies.

Unfortunately the direction is not quite the strongest democratic and dictate the policies to be developed.

It would be advisable to think the solution is to continue to back free trade or protectionism.

It is an eternal debate.

1. Industrialization in the agro-export

From the average mid-nineteenth century Argentina, through the agro-export economic model was inserted in the international division of work as a producer and exporter of raw materials. This benefit agricultural and livestock production for export, import and development of industrial goods.

In 1880 and 1890 found a small number of business establishments with foreign capital participation. They also highlighted the small and medium enterprises.

The state favored with credits to the agricultural export sector and consequently the industrial sector did not have measures for industry development.
Impact of the First World War

The first war allowed the growth of emergency industries whose function was to cover the deficit caused by the disappearance of imported products, which after the war were disadvantaged.

Predominance of foreign capital, particularly British investments (in refrigerator). Then came the U.S. capital, which introduced changes in the forms of production and organization.

The war differently to affect business, in some cases the benefit (those with the increased production capacity) and in other cases the harm (which depended on raw materials)
The presence of foreign firms gave birth to a class of executives.
In this decade settled companies: Colgate Palmolive,
That began with the assembly of vehicles in the country. Thanks to the presence of foreign local entrepreneurs increased production of related materials. There was also the installation of state-owned companies such as YPF.

Expansion of import substitution

In the 30s will boost the industrialization process for imports was the element that compensates for the distortions generated by the collapse of the agro-export model, this meant that industrial production exceeded agricultural production, were set up textile, food and metallurgical . Also light industry development. This was accompanied by foreign capital came to develop the domestic market.

Due to the global conflict of 1940, the government proposed the recovery program and the national economy elaborated by Federico pinnate, finance minister, with him it was planning an impetus to industrial sector balanced by the open economy. This was also promote trade relations with the United States and neighboring countries, and create a capital market.

It also proposed to buy unsold agricultural surpluses and stimulate industrial production and construction. This plan was not approved and Pinedo quit, but some of his ideas were implemented.

Starting after the decade were increased industrial activities, settling companies such as:

Molinos Rio de la Plata and Chemical Companies
BGH (Boris GarFunkal)
Loma black
Boom and bust of the substitution model (1940-1955)

With the coming of the Peronist government of the domestic market expanded by increasing the labor force, wages and state funding for consumer goods industries. We developed the area of steel production and chemical state.

He grew up the state’s investment in the industry, by funding, creation of banks (credit industry) and production (SOMISA, ATANOR), meaning that his action was both indirect and direct. More than 30 companies were installed in 1945.

In 1946 he created the Argentine Institute for the promotion of trade (IAPI) to buy crops and other agricultural products from producers and sell them internationally.

From 1947 to 1951 he created the Five-Year Plan of the government transformed the social economic structure by industrial expansion, the nationalization of public services in the broad mobilization of national resources and others.

From 1951-1952 there were changes: the government resorted to foreign capital investment to finance industry. The agreements with affected enterprises marking and domestic prices.

The business plan established a program of state and private investments aimed at indutrial and agricultural production.

External Investments and recovery

The industry has consolidated itself as dimamizadora of the economy.

Created the industrial production was based on the filing of foreign capital (U.S.) in chemical, oil and motor vehicles.

Given that local resources were insufficient capital to promote industrial sectors, the state promoted the incorporation of foreign capital and technology.

In 1958 laws were passed:

Foreign Investment
Industrial Promotion,
Both for industrial development.

The introduction of foreign capital was moved to technological change employers. As a result there was a restructuring of small and medium business.

Expansion sustained

In this period there was great economic growth in the industry.
There was a large influx of foreign capital for the expansion of businesses, acquiring companies and local leaders.

The state promoted the development of enterprises should be expanded, employers are encouraged to take charge of these new activities as a means of strengthening national ownership.

It also deepened the process of concentration. Departments began to develop engineering product design, production and methods of foreign firms and national levels.

The increase in exports of industrial manufactures, increased direct releases from industrial companies that settled in Argentine national borders.

Deindustrialization

The industry stopped being diminizador axis. Branches lost ground and gained metal-mechanical natural resource industries such as petrochemical paper and cement. Was an increase in economic concentration. The policy required military economic competitiveness abroad, and as a result many employers had to sell their businesses.

The largest growth was from 1976 on the basis of the petroleum industry, finance, fisheries, and others.

Transnational corporations increased their share of industrial production. To a lesser extent did the state.

2. Economic Restructuring

The processes of economic restructuring were part of a global dynamic would be imposing its logic beyond any national boundary.

Fordism:

Is a way of organizing the productive period, which refers to a particular form of integration of the workforce in the production process.

The Fordism taylonista support in organizing the work process, ie a scientific system of industrial work organization, with the objective of maximizing the time spent in production. It is expressed in the disqualification of the operator, the destruction of artisanal work and the introduction of efficient control.

This process was in crisis when the stock comes to technology maturity and exhaustion, decreased, their innovations and consequently failed to respond to the economic and productive. This is just one interpretation about their crisis, as there are others, like the claims that resulted Dela internationalization of production.
Argentina Major changes from the restructuring process
The trend towards devolution on industrial location.

The development of specific primary production with high technological content.
The increased presence of the provincial states in the negotiation of industrial projects in the regions.
The one in the provincial development plans privileging the international market before the domestic market.
The presence of large economic units outside the region in the nearest provincial production projects
Inflation: Causes

Inflation may come from two sets of circumstances:

1) A reduction of property without a corresponding reduction in demand. Ex:

A) wars cause the destruction of the tools of production, and also separate from the production part of the workforce.
b) strikes, leading to reduced production

2) The second type of inflation comes from cash flow increased without a corresponding increase in the supply of goods on the market

Eg. The central bank creates more currency which requires the functioning of the economy.

A long process

In times of prosperity, the economy is in development. Companies want to increase its production capacity to meet future demand.
The banks granted credits to companies that allow them to realize their investment projects.

At the same time firms increase their increasing demands for labor. Increased demand for factors of production raises its price.
Rising interest rates and wages affects the prices that companies do not hesitate to raise, since demand remains. The unions demand new wage increases.

Businesses that do not have sufficient stock a long time can not resist an arrest of labor, as production shuts down. Must therefore give way.

To see the price of goods rises, consumers are rushing to spend their income for fear of price increases. Inflation reached a climax when confidence in the purchasing power of currency collapses due to rising prices.

The stagflation
This term is a word castilianization stagflation, which is formed by stagnation and inflation “. In the present stagflation inflation and recession simultaneously.
General slowdown
Inflation accelerated under the combined effect of rising oil prices and the devaluation of the franc.

3. Diseases Economic System

In recent years we know the economic difficulties of contemporary society. Today only talking about the price rise, unemployment, monetary crisis. In all this are international relations that cause imbalance such currencies.

Cyclical movements

Since late last century specialists in the field could ensure that economic growth was not uniform, experiencing phases of expansion and recession. These tend repeated cyclical movements in both its duration and intensity. The cycles are linked to the concept of joint. The situation is the status of activities and economic phenomena at a particular time of economic developments.

Symptoms of imbalance

The economic circuit flows has called real (supply of goods: national product) and monetary (demand: national income). The global offering with respect to the total demand must be equal, contrary there is an imbalance.

There are two types of imbalance:

Warming: when the flow must pass in value to the flow of goods.
Deflation (lower general price level) where the flow passes the flow of money

(Rarely produces deflation).

There are two phenomena related to the deflation, are depression and recession.

The depression is the phase of economic cycle characterized by the decline in economic activity, while the recession is the result of the transition between prosperity and depression.

This phenomenon is characterized by a decrease in the production of goods and services, rising unemployment and the decrease in the power of purchase.

Cause of recession: example:

As a result of an external event (eg, an embargo on oil sales by OPEC decreed in October 1973 against the U.S. and the Netherlands, “guilty” of excessive sympathy for Israel), consumers may lose confidence in the future and reduce their demands.

The monetary authorities (central banks) can play a very restrictive monetary policy. They try to stem this way too much money in circulation, from the economy by inflationary pressures alive after a prolonged expansion phase. By reducing the money supply, the central bank causes a rise in interest rates, thereby making more costly investments. A drastic over-intervention may lead to short-term delay.

A sudden drop in foreign demand may be announcement of a recession within the exporting country.

Mechanisms of recession

Consumers restrict their purchases in order to retain liquids in the prevention of days.

This causes the accumulation of stock in companies.

Not sold production employers try to reduce the stock. In this way companies cut their investments, thus reducing the production potential.

Businesses for not driving down wages choose not to replace workers who leave the company.

If the recession lasts a short time he re-employ staff or previous investments in staff training would be fired missed.

4. Economic Process In The World

Economic relations are not static, and the geography of the world economy is constantly changing. In recent years, industrial restructuring has led to the globalization of production processes. The traditional heavy industries relocate to less developed countries, while high-tech industries and services are installed in developed countries, including economies of the countries of South Asia, the so-called Asian tigers. They seek to install in these countries to take advantage of advances in communication and transportation networks, the fewer restrictions on permits for installation and control of pollution and lower costs of labor.

The relocation of heavy industries has also resulted in environmental and pollution problems in many developing countries. The chemical plant disaster in Bhopal in 1984 is an extreme example. Regionally, the economic geography has been concerned with the analysis of the importance of concentration in certain industries and land uses in certain regions. However, despite the globalization of world economy and the decentralization of the industries in metropolitan centers tend to underestimate the regional scale, regional studies have generated, in fact, a lot of interest recently. The concentration of high-tech industries along the M4 corridor in the south of England or the Silicon Valley in the west coast of the United States are examples.

The economy of the highly industrialized countries is largely based on consumerism, and economic geography increases their interest in the patterns of consumption and production. These studies have been influenced by the recent resurgence of cultural geography, which examines, from a number of areas such as architecture, painting, newspapers, television or fashion, the spatial patterns of human culture. The many relationships between consumption patterns and their effects on the identity of the towns have become a major issue in this type of research.

You can notice a significant change in the field of interest in economic geography, ranging from the exploitation of resources to human welfare in all parts of the world.

5. The Mercosur

History

In the mid-80s, begins a movement in Argentina and Brazil, the two largest Southern Cone countries, which arises from the beginning to reverse decades of mutual distrust that had hitherto governed the foreign policy latinoamericanos.En countries seeking to deepen their relationship, the two countries molded their approach with the signing of 24 bilateral protocols, in the period 1984/1989, which were covered several areas. The first convergence was driven by the presidents of Argentina, Raul Alfonsin, and Brazil, Jose Sarney. Shortly thereafter, in August 1990, the presidents of Paraguay, Andrés Rodríguez, and Uruguay, Luis Alberto Lacalle, requested the inclusion of their countries to the agreement that was brewing between the two South American giants.
The negotiations concluded with an agreement endorsed in Asuncion, Paraguay on March 26, 1991, which under the name of the Treaty of Asuncion, launched the Southern Common Market (Mercosur).

The common market would involve:

“The free movement of goods, services and factors of production between countries”, “the establishment of a common external tariff and the adoption of a common commercial policy in relation to third States or groups of States and the coordination of positions in forums economic regional and international trade. “

The letter of the treaty also stipulated “the coordination of macroeconomic and sectoral policies between the States parties: foreign trade, agricultural, industrial, fiscal, monetary, exchange and capital, services, customs, transport and communications and others agreed,
to ensure proper competition between States parties “
“The commitment of States parties to harmonize their legislation in relevant areas, to achieve the strengthening of the integration process.”

For the transition period that elapsed since the birth of the common market until December 31, 1994, it was established that the States parties to adopt a general system of origin, a dispute settlement system and safeguard clauses, and also agreed to coordinate to face dumping or unfair policies of third States.

The tools for building the common market were defined in several instruments:

A trade liberalization program that would “get to December 31, 1994 with zero tariffs, no non-tariff restrictions on all the tariff”

The coordination of macroeconomic policies to be carried out gradually and converged with the programs of tariff reduction and elimination of nontariff barriers identified in the preceding paragraph;
The establishment of a common external tariff, which encourages the foreign competitiveness of States parties;

And the adoption of sectoral agreements in order to optimize the use and mobility of production factors and to achieve efficient scales of operation.

Two bodies, one political and one executive, were established to administer the Treaty: the Common Market Council and the Common Market Group

The Council, which became the highest organ of Mercosur is composed of foreign ministers and finance ministers of the four countries and it corresponds to the work of political leadership and decision making to ensure compliance with the objectives and deadlines. The Council Presidency is exercised them in accordance with the Treaty of Asuncion rotation of the States parties and in alphabetical order, for periods of six months.

The Common Market Group was established as the executive body of Mercosur and is coordinated by the foreign ministers. It was established that its function would be to ensure compliance with the Treaty, undertake the necessary steps to comply with the decisions taken by the Council and propose concrete steps toward implementing the trade liberalization program, the coordination of macroeconomic policies and the negotiation of agreements on third parties, and set the work program to ensure progress towards the establishment of the common market.

The Common Market Group is composed of four members and four alternates for each country, representatives of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Ministries of Finance or its equivalent (areas of Industry, Trade and / or Economic Coordination), and Banks Hostels

Contributed by: Lorena Tau, lnt82@ciudad.com.ar, Studies in industrial school

About the work of the economist and Spanish journalist Joaquín Estefanía, has prepared the following summary containing a personal view on the subject.

Margarita Rivière, who titles the foreword to this book as “the pace of Hell,” said the great paradox of our time is that at this time that he proclaimed “secular,” there are men who want to be gods and make the numbers a universal religion.

According to the Dictionary of the Spanish Language, power means domination, dominion, authority and jurisdiction that you have to send or execute something.

Mikhail Bulgakov states: “All power is violence against people.”

For the journalist and economist, power is power, power, arrogance, dominance, domination, control, privilege, but above all it is superior because it argues that all power is a conspiracy against the weak. In fact power is the capacity or authority to command or impose a will on another.

In every society and every institution there are powers that are struggling to impose one another, although not all have the same success in your business. Clarifies even stronger when imposing a period or particular circumstances can become the weakest in the next.

The powers are those that change over time, among which are: politics, men of finance, media, trade unions, employers, the military, the church and at the end of list of citizens when they punish their vote or abstention.

The power is more evident, is most visible in totalitarian regimes than in democracies, where the manipulation is usually more subliminal. Stephanie said then: “Men make use of words to conceal their true thoughts and the thoughts to justify their injustices.”

It is now confuse the terms powerful and influential, in fact they have become almost synonymous, since the only difference is that the first derives from the authority while the latter exercises that power in exchange for money (buying the power).

So in a consumer society like ours, money equals power, two elements go hand in hand carrying the characteristic of being “greedy” (the more you have, the more you want).

From the power of globalization has lost its hierarchical nature, now is horizontal and is represented in the form of “network” according to Director of Le Monde Diplomatique, since there are no knots more important than others. This kind of power no longer authoritative, but has become manipulative. In this respect the author refers to “the more impersonal and global nature of power is the dominant, produce greater sense of powerlessness in those who are dominated.”

The new trends marked by globalization, have produced substantial changes in those formerly exercised power, since nowadays it is awarded to:

1. Market Laws
2. The Mass Media
3. Political Power.

Based on the above defined political power has passed to a third term, yielding the first place to the economy, which, without the exercise of power is meaningless.

Also the current challenges and confrontations focus between:

· Wealth and Health
· Poor and Rich
° north and south
° West and elsewhere.

In this way there have been two competing groups:

· The Millennialists .- who expect a revolution to happen to amend all errors, which illustrates human inability to realize the good intentions and to learn from past history.

· The Nostalgic .- those who want to continue living in the past in a kind of primitive hippy “, which have a particular relationship which undoubtedly are embroidering in a vacuum.

It must be realized in the sense that it is in multilateral organizations, which brings together those responsible for the power to establish trends in decision making. An example of this is the forum in Davos Switzerland, where every year it brings together financiers, politicians, businessmen, union leaders and opinion makers of the G-7 (Group of Seven richest countries in the world: USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy and Britain) and International bodies like the IMF. WTO and OECD.

Robert Greene in his book The 48 Laws of Power, commenting on the “Game of constant duplicity, which is very similar to the” Dynamics of Power, “where the basis of all power rests in the ability of control emotions, like Janus, the Roman deity with two faces, doors ambivalently custodian of the earth and sky.

Thus, to perform that duplication in the dynamics of power, it requires the ability to play with appearances and the emotions, that is, have the ability to manage internal emotions. It is above all “seem” fair and decent, nice and subtle but clever, but cunning democratic. In the power game the man is not measured by its intentions but by the effect of their actions.

The recent integration efforts of the Andean Community of Nations, have demonstrated multiple failures in the formulation of joint macroeconomic policies by the region as an introduction to the subject, will show some generalizations about the requirements for integration.

Major Requirements Integration

The difficulties faced by Latin American countries to undertake each of continuous and consistent efforts to coordinate their economic policies within the framework of the various integration agreements that have been part during the course of the last 30 years, are often attributed factors such as low grade concrete interdependencies between the economies of the region.

To the extent that this reflects the level dismantling intra incipient industrialization itself to most Latin American economies, it follows from this explanation that it is necessary first of all increase the real interdependence among countries in the region and that a number nations more successful raids in the process of industrialization and sustained economic development, in order to mature sufficiently the conditions for agreements of regional integration be deepened and, in particular to be worth the effort of coordination and harmonization of economic policies within it.

Proposals

Creating an Enterprise Capital Fund, risk sharing between the Financial Sector and the State Debt restructuring of enterprises.

Another important explanatory factor, the most commonly cited, refers to the inherent instability of the recurrent macroeconomic imbalances that have characterized the Andean Community. The explosive entry into cycles of macroeconomic disorder and the resulting social and political fatigue led to swings in the allocation of national economic policies, which together with the differences and asynchronies of such allocations between countries, all scenarios generated in chronic instability that slowed or reversed macroeconomic coordination tests carried out in some integration agreements.

The coordination of economic policies, meanwhile, is both a preparatory and complementary mechanism to harmonize usually take off when the preferential trade liberalization is optimized to create the conditions for establishing a Free Trade Zone (FTZ) or best-of-both a Customs Union (AU). But before that, and precisely so that these initial achievements are sustainable and irreversible, it requires primary forms of coordination such as exchange and query of information and experiences and the gradual reconciliation of the use of certain instruments of economic policy, especially those most closely connected with trade and competition within the enlarged market and third parties.

As a result, it is a gradual, progressive, whose most basic forms must be worked from the start of integration so that it can move forward steadily, and its own way the best indication of the need to move to increasingly sophisticated forms.

Integration:

In general, the integration processes seek to create economic and geographical spaces wider than national through assured access to markets for final goods and intermediate inputs and technology from the participating countries in an agreement this nature.

The traditional tools of an integration agreement are global or partial elimination of tariff and nontariff barriers, identification of a Common External Tariff (CET), the definition of different trade policy instruments, such as technical standards and origin , safeguards, dispute settlement mechanisms, export subsidies, government procurement and the like, financing of trade, treatment of investment, facilitating the transit of persons and goods, development and use of common infrastructure and other actions cooperation.

It is normal integration processes are carried out in stages, without a linear and frequent arrests and setbacks, because each step in the direction of market liberalization benefits some segments of the population and negatively affects others, leaving them exposed to greater competition.

It is therefore necessary that along with the definition and implementation of specific tools to release each other access to markets is necessary to build an operational and legal institutions that supports and promotes the process and ensure compliance and sanction of the arrangements.

In this sense, the success of a particular integration process depends on many factors, among which are:

The relative weight of the power groups who appreciate the economic and political advantages in the integration and those who perceive it as negative to their interests. The position of the groups may change in the course of proceedings, to the extent that it affects different sectors of society,

The government’s ability to exercise a mediating role and interpret the main aspirations of the society in terms of international links and,

The degrees of freedom for national economic policy to pursue an integration process to be credible and produce real effects in the medium term.

BNR

One of the major proposals of the National Government in the promotion, would be the creation of the National Bank rediscount (BNR) as the product of the merger of Bancoldex, IFI, Finagro Findeter, Fonade and other institutions.

In the Andean case, the particular interests of nations, are always above the process of integration, the Andean court decisions are not met and the obstacles to integration are becoming increasingly complex. While not really think as a community, these special interests will be on the common benefit of the Andean region.

1. Background

The first steps toward Latin American integration occurred in the ’50s, but the entire framework was established in 1960. Since then it has launched three different types of systems integration with varying degrees of success. The first, comprising the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA) tried to phase out barriers (customs) that are opposed to interregional trade, without establishing a common external tariff, or providing coordination measures internal or external policies.

The second type was represented by the creation of subregional common markets, such as the Andean Group, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and Common Market (CACM).

These common markets, unlike LAFTA customs unions “were true, to a large degree of consistency in policy, which reflects the fact that the member countries of these two groups are structurally similar and also similar economic level.

The third model corresponds to the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) established in 1980, replacing LAFTA and provides a framework for the negotiation of multilateral trade based on bilateral treaties.

Fourth could locate the MERCOSUR.

The ALALC: This Association was in 1960 by signing the so-called Treaty of Montevideo, which involved the widespread acceptance of economic integration in order to foster the economic development of the region. Initially it was integrated by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay. In 1961 he joined Ecuador and Colombia. Venezuela joined in 1966 and finally Bolivia in 1967, ie the ten countries of South Cone, plus Mexico.

The mechanism of its operation was in negotiating tariff cuts product by product and the concentration of separate “Supplemental Agreement” between two or more countries of the Association.

The basic principles underlying the mechanism of LAFTA were: that of reciprocity in the customs treatment and the provision of the most favored nation.

It also ruled an exception in favor of “less developed countries relative”, which is that any country not included in this group could make tariff concessions for these countries, while the same should be extended automatically based on the that clause to other countries.

Unfortunately, the objective set by the Treaty of Montevideo of 1960 on the elimination of tariff barriers through a common list (that is, the Customs Union, as well as CEE), never materialized. This reality became more apparent when creating the so-called Andean Group in 1969. Within the framework of the Treaty of 1960 only formed a “common list in 1964, but neither went into rigor.

The Bank noted in its 1984 report that “the stay to the ALALC arrives in 1969 and its subsequent decline are reflected clearly in the proportion of trade in goods traded in relation to interregional trade.” Indeed, trade in goods traded reached the maximum level of 88.7% in 1964/1966, 40% fell in the late 70s.

The ALADI: the stagnation of LAFTA noted and the outcome of the Andean subregional agreements resulted in the other countries (non-Andean) reached the conclusion that it must be reshaped the legal instrument that gave rise to that . Thus in 1980 did the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI), on the basis of another structure that is considered to be a new form of the formal framework of integration.

The basic tools of this new association are partial agreements negotiated bilaterally, but extended to third countries wishing to participate in them, and regional preferences to member countries under the common tariff (for non-members).

For BID “LAIA, but with high aspirations in the long term, is in fact a far more vague and less powerful than LAFTA.

The LAIA member countries are the same eleven countries that are members LAFTA.

2. Goals

With the signing of the Treaty of Asuncion was constituted in early 1991, the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. In June of that year signed the agreement “Four Plus One” with the accession of the U.S.

The MERCOSUR is formed to reconcile regional integration among Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay, in addition to being a free trade area. It is a sign of engagement with Latin American countries to deepen trade relations, gradually articulating their economies and seek solutions to common problems of growth and development.

The general objectives of MERCOSUR include:

The free movement between member countries of goods, services and factors of production through the elimination of tariffs and nontariff restrictions,

The establishment of common external tariffs,

The coordinating positions in international economic forums.

Along with multilateral trade growth, this partnership seeks to leverage the comparative advantages of each country and the integration of the region in the world. This involves much more than tariff reduction, since it means agreeing common approaches to trade policy, industrial and agricultural, as well as economic and social policies to restructure the economies together and achieve greater international support.

3. Fundamental features of the treaty

With the signing of the agreement establishing the MECOSUR and their full effect on 1 January 1995 began a period of significant importance in trade between our country and neighboring nations of Uruguay, Paraguay and Brazil is a market 197 million inhabitants. The three key points of the treaty are: freedom of movement of goods, commodities and production factors zero tariffs of trade and common external tariff and harmonization of trade and macroeconomic policies with the rest of the world.

The treaty established a transition period since its signature until December 31, 1994, during which six months were tax-free customs tariffs among the four partners, in order to reach zero on 1 January 1995. Also of harmonized technical standards and customs procedures but there was no meeting for that date all the tasks necessary for the functioning of the Common Market, so it was agreed to put up as an imperfect customs union or attenuated, because the member countries was put into the Common External Tariff (CET) of 14% on average, while reserving each for a term of six years, a set of exceptions (Paraguay 399 and 300 others) to apply to products that still need protect.

4. Analysis and evaluation

In today’s world presents a continuing trend towards the formation of regional blocs. Its objectives may be economic or political. From the economic point of view, among the reasons for its formation include:

The benefit accruing to individual countries to block trade, to achieve lower cost imports.

The expansion of the consumer market, especially for smaller countries, enabling them to achieve economies of scale, and so on.

Among the regional consultations can mention the MERCOSUR, the European Community, NAFTA, etc..

A common market is a form of integration among the countries that provide a single trade policy and a common external tariff (ie the taxes charged to import products from third countries are equal), free movement of goods and capital involving the whole common market and also the formation of a political-administrative structure of supranational scope, ie that is above each of the member states.

The MERCOSUR is not only a political-commercial venture because in addition to established mechanisms of labor and cooperation in the areas of justice, the environment, labor, education and the workplace and culture.

In the years of the MERCOSUR members have Usuga much in their economic and physical integration in improving the infrastructure of movement between them. As a separate legal entity, the MERCOSUR trade agreements signed in 1995 with the European Union and early 1996 entered into an economic complementation agreement with Chile and Bolivia.

The MERCOSUR countries have economic, demographic and work different. For exa
mple, in Brazil, with an area of 8.512 million km2 and a population of nearly 160 million inhabitants live almost 80% of the population of MERCOSUR and Uruguay, with about 3.5 million inhabitants in a territory of 177,000 km2, only 2%. The population of Uruguay and Argentina live predominantly in cities, while in Paraguay, a large proportion (about 5 million people) live in rural settlements.

The volume and type of economic activities is also very different between countries, the total GDP generated by members of MERCOSUR in 1994, Brazil accounted for 64%, 33% to Argentina and only 3% Left to Paraguay and Uruguay.

The industrial activities are very important in Brazil and slightly less in Argentina, while Paraguay and Uruguay are less developed.

External Trade With Mercosur

The trade (export import) of Argentina in the three countries of MERCOSUR recorded during the first nine months of 1993 to 26% of total trade. This amount exceeded by 31.1% to the same period of 1992.

Argentine exports to Mercosur

These are increasing every year. In the first nine months of 1993 was 76.1% higher than same period in 1992.

Argentine Imports from Mercosur

Also experienced an increase each year since 1993, in the first nine months of 1993 were 7.9% higher than same period in 1992.

Balance of Trade With Mercosur

Was deficient in 1992, the balance was negative with Brazil (-1.6674 billion) and positive with Paraguay (207.2 million) and Uruguay (32.4 million). In the early months of 1993 the deficit was lower, which means a very significant improvement over 1992.

The country’s economic policy to foreign trade is considered as the foundation for its development. This is because foreign trade is not limited to a mere exchange of goods but also freight costs, insurance, income and expenditure of capital, royalties and credits, and also financial matters.

By this, the country’s economic future is closely linked to foreign trade, but, like every country participating in trade suffers the consequences of global circumstances, such as changes in demand, changes in prices and the contribution of the different currencies, economic crises, etc.

5. Advantages and disadvantages

Disadvantages:

Not without a few obstacles, especially those related to the asymmetries between the countries involved. These differences are expressed in their degree of social and economic development, the level of progress in science and technology, the size of its population, and so on.

Although there are differences in size, degree of industrialization, development and resources between these countries, their integration is important to strengthen exchanges and achieve economies of scale to improve the common welfare. In this process of consolidation of the common market must overcome several obstacles that the governments of the four member countries are trying to achieve in a climate of cooperation. Among them we can mention some of the problems that arise in the agricultural sector:

The majority of agricultural products are competitive rather than complementary.

The seasonal production cycles coincide in most crops in the four countries, which increasingly restricted complementarity.

The great differences in productivity between the countries due to different levels of efficiency in the agricultural, services and infrastructure, different tax systems, etc.

All of this explains the difficulty of performing this integration so that its effects are not too detrimental to any sector. One that can be harmed is the sugar in Argentina, facing competition from Brazilian sugar industry, while Argentine producers as wheat and soybeans are more competitive than those of Brazil and Paraguay, a free market these products benefit us but detrimental to the neighboring countries, especially in the agro-industrial complex in Brazil that amount based on soy.

The border areas are very neglected as there is a lot of smuggling, etc. There are measures of cost, medium and long term.

Another problem is the intersections of stolen cars and small and large smuggling.

BENEFITS:

The trade of the MERCOSUR countries has quadrupled since 1990.

In the economic policies of the countries consider trade as a fundamental basis for development.

The future of our country is closely linked to foreign trade.

6. Comparative tables of member countries.

MERCOSUR: Economic and Social Indicators

Members

Rispoli, Alejandro Ragone, Peter I. Santos, Diego M. Buczyner, Martin

Course: 5 º 1 º
Date: November 12, 1998

MERCOSUR: Economic and Social Indicators

Argentina

Brazil

Paraguay

Uruguay

Total

Area Continental

Km2

2.79 million

8512000

407 000

179 000

11,886,500

Population

32,423,465

150 368 000

4157287

3094000

190 042 752

Density

H/Kn2

11.7

17.7

10.2

17.5

16.0

GDP (billions)

U $ S

232.1

446.7

7.4

12.8

699.1

Life expectancy at birth

Year

71

66

67

72

Population Urban

%

87

77

49

89

Roads Infrastructure

Km

212 000

1664000

27 104

52 000

1955104

Network Rail

Km

34 192

32 225

441

3006

69 864

Sanitation Service

89

72

47

96

MERCOSUR countries: International Trade

Argentina

Brazil

Paraguay

Uruguay

Total

Export (millions)

U $ S

15 839

44 530

820

1913

62 371

Imports (millions)

U $ S

21 590

36 741

3016

2773

63 729

Export MERCOSUR

27.9

13.3

39.1

46.9

Import MERCOSUR

21.6

11.0

21.7

49.5

COUNTRIES OF MERCOSUR intra-regional exports 1991

(Percent of total exports of each country)

Am Latin

MCCA

Mercosur

Gr Andino

Caricom

Countries Lim.

Argentina

29.3

0.3

16.5

5.6

0.2

21.5

Brazil

16.5

0.4

7.3

3.8

0.3

10.7

Paraguay

46.7

0.1

35.2

2.5

2.0

34.0

Uruguay

40.7

0.1

35.4

1.6

0.1

34.8

The increase in the productivity of a country is the only road that leads to a higher standard of living of the population in the long run (Krugman 1992.) [1]

In recent years there have been major changes in industrialized countries, developing countries and the global economy as a whole, highlighting four key elements: First, has increased the dynamics of the technological revolution , with increases in production levels and lower costs, have strengthened information systems, where computers and telecommunications represent the most dynamic sectors in recent decades [1].

Second, we have modified the institutional framework of the companies in the world, where the processes of opening, liberalization and deregulation, play a fundamental role.

Third, the most dynamic development centers are located in developing countries (especially in Asia) and therefore there is increased competition, forcing the development and incorporation of technological innovations that change the relative position of industries and companies in the global market changing and becoming more dynamic businesses.

In closing, he changed the interconnections between national economies and living processes of globalization, while regional union, in the form of blocks, organizations or bilateral treaties.

The industrial development of the last two decades, with the epicenter has formed a new technical system, which revolves around information, four piers support this system: electronics, computing, telecommunications and robotics. The introduction of these factors made them reached the end of the era of acquired advantages and began a new era: the advantages of built-in this new phase the focus shifts to the “existence of abundant natural and labor resources work toward possession in the scientific and technological innovation capacity [2].

Reality

Countries like Colombia are dependent, both economically and institutionally developed countries, and in this sense, we, we should accommodate the Industrial Policy rules that are imposed, regardless of the harm that it entails the poorest societies.

The new conditions of production lead to changes in the division of labor, both in their organization within the production units, as in regard to their distribution between direct and indirect labor and skill levels required to handle new technologies involving a reduction of the amount of work required per unit of product, a result of increased productivity through the use of new technologies.

For businesses, now have more skill levels of the workforce to have cheap labor, the availability of skilled labor becomes a strategic objective. In this situation, progress predominately through computer technology requires new forms of qualification of human resources and rethinking the social organization of work, leading the movement toward a new international division of labor, and in addition to constituting an additional source of chairs on the processes reforms in developing countries [3].

With regard to the institutional, the dominant model in the current phase of globalization in the economic sphere is of neoliberal, based on an open competitive market by releasing the mobility of goods, capital and services. In globalization, global market reach new business cultures and new organizational models. And in general, globalization requires us to develop rules to basic conditions for the development of some form of industrial policy. Furthermore, in the era of globalization, it is certain that there is partial loss of sovereignty of nation states. But globalization is not the end of the state action means a change in their areas of application and its fields. In industrialized countries it knows. [4 ].”

The theoretical forays on the positive influence of research in science and technology reaffirm the importance of the factor. It also identifies four types of innovation.

In comparison to these new structures, the Latin American industrial sector (with few exceptions) had to suffer the disappointment of seeing their growth expectations down to subsistence level and hope to these problems, reborn theme of industrial development as a solution to the problems we face

Globalization, and industrial development in the world are closely linked factors: particularly in terms of production, markets and competitiveness. If we understand the process of globalization as a new phase in the internationalization of markets, we find that it also encompasses the multinationalization of companies and the need to seek new markets, especially taking into account the fact that the enormous advances in productivity in developed countries, makes any human being in a potential buyer of products, and the limits of markets and does not focus on the production capacity but the size of our world.

In this sense, it would be appropriate to understand that globalization imposes new rules of game companies and above all the nations. When we think of economic openness and free trade discourse, where we see things like financial freedom, neutrality of state or the free movement of goods might think that structural reforms implemented over the past decade, simply paid the way for growth of multinational companies, which had only limited production as the political and economic restrictions regulated economies.

At present, it is paradoxical that the strongest economies simply regulate liberalize inward and outward, always walking hand in hand with the private sector. It is very sad and disappointing that while the American please extend tariff preferences, the large economies and strong demand security for their investments, and even force countries to play for them favoring the control of macroeconomic goals such as controlling the inflation on social considerations, in speeches that tell us that the best way to reach prosperity is to comply with privilege only targets international investors.

Finally

In conclusion, the countries of Latin America are dependent, both economically and institutionally developed countries, and in this sense, we, we should accommodate the Industrial Policy rules that are imposed regardless of the damage this involve the poorest societies. Given these trends of industrial development, we must efficiently accommodate and improve our macro indicators and our production

Notes, sources and resources

[1] PERES Wilson (ed.) “Large companies and industrial groups in Latin America.” Twenty-first century. First published 1998. P. 23.
[2] MASS, Gabriel. “Some elements for the construction of an industrial development strategy” on industrial strategy and international integration. L.J. Garay (Ed.), Fescol, Bogotá, December 1992.
[3] GARAY Jorge Luis “The Industry in Latin America to Globalization.” Colciencias, DNP. Taken www.dnp.gov.co
[4] Benjamin Coriat. “Industrial Policy, Models of business organization and Competitiveness. Intensive Research Seminar, organized by PIETTE (Program for Economic Research on Economics and Employment. University of Latin American Workers. Taken www.utal.org

Globalization, history, information society, trade, poverty, distribution, ecology … ..

With the arrival of the new millennium are four key trends in the global economy:

1. Presence of three strong poles, dynamic and competitive: the free trade agreement in North America, European Union and the Asian Bloc.

2. Process of dissolution of the socialist economies: among them: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and others.

3. The presence of a new Asian economic hub: whose performance has become a challenge to the countries of Central and a model for countries of the periphery.

4. The existence of groups farther behind every day: some parts of Asia, Latin America and especially Africa, suffer from terrible levels of poverty and vast inequality in wealth distribution.

Great changes have affected our planet and how to see the world:

1. Awareness of the global world: globalization processes gradually make us a better idea of what the world and make us understand that we are not alone. Advances in communications, media and information allow us to be aware of what’s happening in the land and the use of new instruments such as the Internet allows us to communicate with virtually the entire globe.

2. Huge breakthrough in scientific and technological development: The mere fact that there is a preliminary version of the human genome map, makes us think about the advances in science and technology. “The so-called knowledge society and information.”

3. Increased interest in ecology and sustainable development: Although not a very developed, you begin to notice the first efforts to defend our planet, there is awareness on the indiscriminate use of the resources offered by nature and begins to defend the environment.

4. Boost for global education and value of skilled labor: The work is competitive imposing today. A worker today must know how to use a computer, learn more languages, be specialized in their work and compete effectively in all areas of their profession.

The trend in politics and economics are:

1. Trade and financial liberalization: opening processes are global phenomena, the existence of free trade and full mobility of capital abound in our time, it exceeds the real money at an alarming rate.

2. International Law and commitment: The laws are being globalized, and develop regulations in terms of copyright, intellectual property, patents, etc, which makes international law a key factor in resolving disputes.

3. Multilateral Banking Intervention: The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (World Bank), and various monetary institutions play a key role in solving the internal problems of nations and push for specific policies in the various regions of world.

4. We have a Global Police USA in its capacity as “number one”, plays the role of control over global conflicts and put pressure on everyone to defend their interests in the name of world peace.

The trends shown are a brief overview of what’s happening in the world, obviously there’s more. Hopefully the bad is to improve and maintain good, to be honest still do not know what is good and what is negative.