AAA, Ba3, CCC and so on, the complete series may seem to be the type of a hyper-active school record.
They are surely a labels system, which has been developed to advise your customers.
The page structures are given for large-scale people, whether businesses or otherwise, to tell the customers of these debts and how they are to get it rear again.

The record card also impacts the quantity that must be charged by way of come back on that credit record.
These characters was entire coverage of the personal result of the problems besetting eurozone.
A modification to the record indicates a change in the amount that a client should pay his or hers debt-holders, an amount that develop expensive so as to gain access as people need better pay of come back for dealing with more dangerous debts.
While the people in the announcement – the nations of Portugal, Eire, Italy, and even the fantastic US – are big brands, ones that possess such a result on their prospects are not.it is nothing but the credit-rating businesses, which are available to evaluate credit-worthiness or reliability of connection companies – businesses or, as in this case, nations who take a loan by publishing IOUs known as bonds.

But who these are ? why do we want them and how will they do work out if to give top-of-the-class AAA or just a smaller rank, like CCC, which – keeping the school analogy – indicates company is probably organizing or just bunking off?
Poor and Sultry

Standard & Poor’s as most ancient, comes in the first of the organizations list ,was commenced in 1860 by Mom Bad, who authored a historical past of the money of railroads and waterways in the Joined Claims as a manual for people.
The ‘Standard’ piece began in the year 1906 when Normal Data Business was set up to analyze money of non-railroad businesses. The two companies becme a member of in the 40s.
Moody’s began in 1909 by Bob Sultry, who publicized a research of the complicated and unsure world of train money, certifying the value of its ties and shares.

These are now fantastic worries – Moody’s running income was $688m truly and Normal & Poor’s made $762m.
They each have 40% each of the enterprise of record key businesses and nations.
Fitch, with eponymous creator, Bob Fitch, was established in 1913 and is a lesser edition of the other two.
There are also owners of other reviews businesses, whose brands hardly ever appear within more black sides of the personal websites – so why are these three companies be watched for their movements by every one ?

Track Report
Part of the reply is with the Securities and exchange commission, the US personal watch dog.
In 1975, it accepted these three as Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations or NRSRO.
The certification from NRSRO makes life faster and easier for nations and loan businesses wanting to matter ties – it generally shows people a organization has a reputation and how it is to be able to make pay your income rear again.
Further energy for NRSROs derives from the fact that certain particular financial commitment resources are needed by the SEC to carry only those ties which have a very high record from accepted businesses.
An insurance businesses energy is also evaluated by the reviews used to the financial commitment supplies it supports.
A limit of an issuers’ record forces down the rate of a connection and increases its pace.It means on that particular resources must now provide these ties. But certainly this may result in a errible period.
A big sell-off gives in market makes – more suppliers than customers – decreasing price further. That indicates a yet increased pace must be purchased – and that leaves an even greater stress on the client.
Although SEC has 10 NRSROs on its accepted collection, together with a Canada business and two Western ones, big three – Normal & Poor’s, Moody’s and Fitch – continue to be the market standard-bearers.
This is partially because they develop their reviews available easily to people – making their income from getting the companies who want their ties performing.

Heavy critique
Much mainly for their size. What of the case of real methods?
Standard & Poor’s said it is based on choice on a wide range of personal and enterprise features that might result the pay back, and this may rely on the company of the connection (ie the borrower).
In a record, S&P offered a lot of symptoms it may use, such as “economic, regulating and geopolitical impacts, administration and business government features, and aggressive position”.
That seems to take care of all. But since the money record problems that started in the year 2007, these businesses have come in for large critique – and even violence.
After all, lots of mortgage-backed securities – the investments that were guaranteed by loans that were either never going to be returned or were even fake – were given the very best rank by the three developed professionals in record the chance of the income being returned.

Similar stunning shots have been developing in the reviews used to government-backed – rather than confidential property-supported debts. One day a nation’s connection is positioned a secure top record and the next given a symbol that advises investors’ income is not secure.

Many professionals believe that if the record on the UK’s administration ties – or gilts – was reduced by just one level from AAA to AA it would put up the cost of recognized credit record by around half of one %.
That would mean a big development of the yearly desire costs which has to be met by people.
When requested why it changes reviews, S&P responded: “The reasons for reviews changes differ, and may be greatly relevant to overall changes in the financial system or enterprise atmosphere – or more directly aimed on conditions impacting a particular market, business, or individual debts matter.”
It indeed seems to be a black art – but one whose result has a more considerable result.

It is difficult to find an extensive catalog of projects undertaken by public and private companies, who have demanded higher execution times compared to the forecast, which have consumed significantly greater financial resources, which have given appreciable values in profits, which have caused considerable damage and frustration to the target population reflected in significant increases in rates or prices and the detriments of not having own and enjoy them properly. The urban and rural landscape in most Latin American countries is saturated with humiliating examples of “white elephants” that pollute the hearing and leave the sad testimony of unfinished work with no use whatsoever, who have squandered vast resources with costs incalculable opportunity he had to pay the company, due to the incompetence and dishonesty of officials, contractors and inspectors.

In addition, there are many business development projects, information systems and software design or software, alterations and improvements in state agencies, research frustrated that collapse for lack of direction and leadership of its managers, that since no tangible essence non-marking material, but its effects are seen with the same intensity of the above. Many projects of different types who spend long periods in the courts of justice and reconciliation, resulting from the failure, neglect, ignorance or tolerance ethics advisers and officials who structured the contracts, hence the presence of strong legal teams in contractors and very poor teams in front of works and technical responsibilities.

This situation, we suspect, reveals gaps in leadership, poor pre-investment studies or technical design, management and leadership failure and incompetence and reactive (not proactive) who is responsible for project management, improvisation and precipitation in the decision-making, fragmented or incomplete financial closure, lack of planning in the procurement processes, disorganization and neglect in the execution, the presence of corruption, ignorance and environmental regulations, externalities do not forewarned, and so on., which undertake the technical formulation, financial foresight and the control on scope, time, performance, cost and quality results according to schedule.

The other side of the coin can be seen as successful projects that are considered appropriate and timely response to the expectations of both owners and their customers, that meet quality requirements satisfied by letting its users, who manage to meet with budget projections and obviously meet the commitments of time and opportunity. Undoubtedly, these encouraging results are the sequelae of a combination of valid and reliable processes for planning, scheduling, organization, teamwork, communication and adequate and symmetric information, documentation of risks and constraints early, judicious, thoughtful study of legal, technical and financial contracts that give out misleading and transparent, and most importantly, a leadership that appropriately combines knowledge, experience, commitment and professional ethics, a full understanding of their responsibility by those who assume the implementation of projects.

The process of globalization that are committed to the nations of the world and in particular our Latin American countries and its entrepreneurial class must have a basic strategy of technological upgrading, financial and administrative management of the production, improvement of social infrastructure represented in hospitals, schools, sanitation, recreation and culture, research and technological development and basic infrastructure of roads, energy, ports, airports, pipelines and communications, and the necessary restructuring of the public sector, and substantial changes in the training models , training, training and research universities and institutes that provide technology, in order to provide efficient and timely departure to the huge number of projects that are behind these goals. It is then gradually leaving protected development scheme supported by the “comparative advantages” derived from the mass consumption and export of natural properties, allowing for the establishment and operation of a more aggressive model of development characterized by a significant value added by improved levels of quality and competitive prices of course. That is, add to the comparative advantages of competitive advantage.

The movement of nations toward freedom of trade and the gradual collapse of trade barriers, improving communications journal that draws nations together, the concern of the scientific, academic, business and institutional issues such as environmental protection, the use of energy-saving industrial processes, and the incorporation of clean technologies, the ongoing search for new materials, development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, or technology of the very small, like the challenge and fascination with mega-structures, the reflection on the mystery behind the human genome, the achievements of genetic engineering, the concern about the growth of poverty in the world and the design of effective weapons to combat it, the development of virtual commerce all its manifestations and many other situations that characterize the present and future, and certainly, we reiterate, the necessary incorporation into the new corporate and institutional management and administration models are enough to prompt challenges to the measure that encouraged business by an efficient public sector and adequately dimensioned, and of course, guided and committed coadyuvancia Academy will have to observe and analyze the environment and offer better training proposals, training, outreach and research more tangible and seductive that capture the interest of new generations, to reiterate, to achieve sufficient development goals and improve the quality of life partners.

The business care (public and private) of the future faces interesting challenges for strengthening competitiveness through appropriate project management – identification, formulation, appraisal, negotiation and Management – which is the ideal way, perhaps the only, generate value. Hence, competitive purposes should be supported in strategies that the study of new investment opportunities, technological invention, knowledge of the potential clientele and especially the design or adaptation of new forms of organization, for the various stages from pre-investment planning, installation and commissioning to monitoring of its operation, are the characteristic signs of enterprises and world-class leaders of this millennium. Undoubtedly, the pursuit of competitiveness both domestically and internationally, is a process that begins in the pre-investment studies that provide insights regarding the most appropriate ways of using scarce resources and guidance on the most advantageous decisions in addition to pursuing its necessary and rigorous financial structuring. The project corresponding to the delivery of new capacity installed and ready for operation which is the largest expenditures in the life of the project, representing, when taken in the best position to reach, timeliness, quality and cost of performance bonds, which illustrates the competitiveness in the next stage of operation. For the amount invested by the many different interests that move, by the number of contractors and subcontractors who participate in it, that determine frequent and confusing conflict, the expectations created by potential users or consumers and the need satisfied leaving the owners, the implementation phase is necessary to design and articulate an organizational model and executive special relevance is often referred to Project Management or Project Management or Project Management.

The generic term “project” involves a series of steps that property has been called cycle, which corresponds to a system that ranges from the conception of a productive and interesting idea to the sustainable operation of a business or organization. Hence comes the name “project management” that includes all st
ages: pre-investment-identification, formulation, evaluation and negotiation ante – the implementation, operation and the subsequent evaluation – which closes the cycle and ensures feedback and therefore both the application of lessons learned for future development. Very few cases in which a project manager is involved throughout the cycle. However, the information necessary for decision making by the manager of a project may involve an understanding of the stages prior to implementation and clear perception of expectations in the following stages. The professional or organization exercising the office of “project manager” to conceive or know an idea, develops, the dimensions, the formula (pre-investment), is looking for sponsors or investors to do it (negotiations), assumes an important role in recruitment and monitoring them, get the work or contract work, and directs and organizes the operation. It is the agent of interest and link that is involved in every stage: pre-investment, implementation and operation. While the officiating as “project manager” is responsible only in the implementation phase, which despite it being temporary and not permanent, rightful responsibility, not easy, in projects of any magnitude, to deliver a new installed capacity in a given time, within budget and agreed quality conditions. Clearly, the implementation of the project and organizational process behind it is called “project management” that corresponds to the objective of this book is an essential part of the cycle. While the project manager’s responsibility is limited to the implementation, it is also true that in the pre-investment studies is the best source to settle in the environment and the desires and intentions of the owner or customer. But also to make their best efforts to ensure that the project is executed and delivered in good time specifications, cost and quality, paves the way for a sustainable operation and thus, in order to be fully enjoyed by potential beneficiaries.

We believe that this book will contribute something in the process of building a “project culture” in our Latin American context. There is hardly a universal tool “planning” and its main unbundled “project”, whose implementation extends, without exception, to all human activities. Undoubtedly, the achievements of civilization are the result of natural and permanent office by the individual to design, structure, negotiate, execute, implement and ensure the sustainability of new projects.

There are many significant efforts to universities, state and private institutions, national and international consultants and the momentum isolated from some authors, writers, consultants and scholars have been making in order to underpin this culture projects and public organizations private and the mentality of the new professionals of diverse origin. As a complement to this is our desire to promote their use and disclose its scope and application of students and teachers from different disciplines and levels (undergraduate and graduate), as well as between public and private employers, this powerful tool “project management “or” project management “or” project management. ” Competitiveness should be the purpose of modern business life and world-class, which necessarily follows from innovation that will be part of the log substantial new entrepreneurs. The change will be constant in modern organizations. Therefore, the “project management” is synonymous with managing change.

In this book in no time claimed that the process of managing a project is an elementary task, we make no false expectations. We do not deliver “easy way” to manage a project, offers no “quick lessons” not at all, no doubt we are facing a complex process where planning, knowledge, creativity, persistence, effort and work team (strong interdisciplinary) are the key success factors. Project management involves the application of simple, though not always obvious, common sense rules are unusual and complex situations, with agreed deadlines, limited budgets and qualities required. One of the virtues that should exhibit a successful project manager is no doubt that creativity is clearly compatible with the rigor of management itself. Since creativity is a nonlinear process and divergent (free and undisciplined) must be accompanied by opposing elements. Since a very divergent takes unnecessary risks and end a convergent process does not allow for creativity. It is always sought the balance between science and art, and project management is a mixture of both.

The execution environment is saturated with tensions, problems and conflicts will be mitigated and controlled successfully by those who properly understand and use the principles and tools of the “project management.” Behind the successful implementation of any project regardless of their size, attends a competent manager and courageous, and skillful leader thanks to its tenacity and stubbornness, patience and skill in the use of proper tools, achieves the best performance in an environment usually which is hardly conducive.

We believe that the great maturity of our engineering knowledge and efficiency in the management of new financial products, the proper interpretation and application of rules and regulations, the use of recent models of organization and, of course, the need improve productivity and competitiveness (prices, costs, quality and timeliness) of our companies (public and private) in Latin America, makes it necessary for the academic, institutional and business every day have better tools to face the technological challenges, legal, organizational, financial, marketing, respect the environment and ethical issues, involving the execution and implementation of major projects essential to underpin the development.

It will always be a challenge to the intelligence, efficiency, creativity and leadership to achieve a new capacity to deliver compliance with requirements of scope, time, cost and quality management through a well planned and designed and adequately sized, that determines in most cases, the difference between success and failure.

Taken contextually in the third edition of my book “THE CHALLENGE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT.”

Max Min Z = C or X

S.A:

A X ? B

XJ> 0, j = 1, 2, …, n

Objectives

Using a representative collection of linear programming problems it seeks to develop the ingenuity to formulate resource optimization problems.

Linear Programming Problem – General

Definition:

Given a set of m linear equations or linear inequalities with n variables, is required to find non-negative values of these variables that satisfy the constraints and maximize or minimize a linear function of variables called objective function.

Introduction

The simplex method whose great virtue is its simplicity, is a very practical, since it only works with the coefficients of the objective function and constraints.

Illustrate its operation with an example, but first show the decision rules to determine the variable that comes in, comes out, the big M, and how to determine that we are at the optimum, all these decision rules were derived from the algebraic method Only here have been fitted to be used in the simplex type of board to use.

Criterion decision

Maximize

Close

Big M in the objective function

– MXJ

MXJ

Variable entering

The most negative of Zj – Cj

The more positive Zj – Cj

Variable leaving

The less positive the b / a

As a> 0, otherwise

Does not restrict

The less positive the b / a

As a> 0, otherwise

Is not restricted to the variable

Enter

Optimal solution

When all the Zj – Cj> 0

When all the Zj – Cj < 0

The present work is a feasibility study over a period of five years to establish a project for production of paprika oleoresin in the valleys of Ica in Peru. The feasibility study involved the collection of technical information, market, economic and financial Peru. The market favors the production of oleoresin paprika in Peru, due to geographical conditions for the points of the market.

Due to the stability of prices and favorable environmental conditions the paprika export is an alternative, because there is a growing national demand for dry paprika that is oriented to the United States and Europe.

Is an alternative crop for export and has a growing demand for paprika, is used as a natural dye in cosmetics, meats and poultry for their content of oleoresins.

The environmental impact study showed that the project will not cause significant environmental damage. Since you always look for the application of environmentally friendly practices.

The financial analysis based on an initial investment to U.S. $ 409,133.8, ensures that the production of oleoresin paprika is a profitable business as the NPV of the project is U.S. $ 1,350,471.08 when you need a loan 65% of total investment and a NPV of U.S. $ 1,273,936.93 when the whole investment is covered by the membership.

It also got a 119% PULL which is larger than the interest rate that is 20%, the TIRF also turned out to be much higher than the interest rate being 357%.

The benefit / cost to date for this project proved to be optimal also the first year ranging from 2.58 to 3.34 fifth year.

The breakeven analysis we can see that the minimum amount in kg to produce for the business to pay is below the actual production for five years.

In conclusion we can say that the project is economically profitable, it is a good way to introduce non-traditional export market of Peru. At the same time, the project will be a good source of employment for the area and cause a positive impact on improving the quality of life for its employees.

ATLANTIC MEDICAL CENTER, S. A. is an investment project that will build a natural health center equipped with all medical specialties demanded by the market.

Our goals, was inspired by the needs and current demands, given after, the entry into force of the Family Health Insurance.

It will be an establishment for care and assistance to patients with acute or chronic.

Project Objectives

A. Redefining the structure and capacity of different health care services Medical Center, according to actual demand in the territory, with a clear understanding of the needs and institutional responsibilities.

B. To optimize utilization of capacities and human and material resources existing at this institution.

C. Permanently reduce costs by using the general principle of economic rationality.

D. Raising the level of satisfaction of people who use our services to provide greater comfort to both local institutional and national e

In this document are some tables, graphics, statistics about how to make and manage a linear regression through data and interrelated, in order to control how this data hidden within some of the keywords within this project are: scatter plot, linear regression, regression equation of the line, scatter plots, coefficient, covariance, correlation, etc..

1.-Target

The student will learn Variable Concepts, Measurement, Scatter diagrams, Correlation and regression coefficient between two variables. Also know how to use what the Minitab program, and then you can make graphs.

2 .- Background

Variable is a symbol that represents an unspecified element of a given set. This set is called universal variable whole, universe or domain of the variable, and each set is a variable value.

Measuring
It is the determination of the ratio between the size of an object or event and a particular unit of measurement. The size of the object and the unit must be of the same magnitude. An important part of measurement is the estimation error or error analysis.

Scatter diagrams
It is a graphical representation of the relationship between two variables, widely used in the stages of verification of theories and identification of root causes and solutions design and maintenance of the results.

Correlation coefficient
A number that describes some characteristics of the relationship between two variables. There are several correlation coefficients, each designed to analyze a particular data type.

Regression between two variables
Always refers to finding a formula or equation that represents the approximate relationship between these two variables.

3 .- Examples Theoretical

1 .- A company makes parts for machinery wants to develop a model to estimate the number of worker-hours required for production runs of different batches. You select a random sample of 14 production runs (2 for each batch size of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80) and obtained the following results.

Lot Size

Hours-worker

Lot Size

Hours-worker

20

50

50

112

20

55

60

128

30

73

60

135

30

67

70

148

40

87

70

160

40

95

80

170

50

108

80

162

A) Plot the scatter diagram

B) Predict the average number of worker-hours required for a production run of a batch of size 100

X = ?x / n = 700/14 = 50 Y = ?y / n = 1550/14 = 110.71
Sx ² = ? (X-x) ² / n-1 = (5600) / 13 = ? 430.7692
Sx = 20 754
S ² = ? (Y-y) ² / n-1 = (21794.80) / 13 = ? 1676.52
Sy = 40.94
Sxy = ? (X-x) (Y-y) / n-1 = 10980/13 = 844.6
R = Sxy / SxSy = 844.6 / (20,754) (40,944) = 844.6/849.66
R =. 9940
Y = a bx
a = y-bx = 110.71-(1.9611) (50) = 110.71-98.05 = 12.66
b = R (sy / sx) =. 9940 (40.94/20.75) = 1.9611
y = 1.9611X 12.66
y = 12.7 1.9611 (100) = 208.81

2 .- A residential real estate company in a big city you want to predict monthly rent costs for apartments based on their size defined by the square feet of space. You select a random sample and the information generated shows the following.

Rent

Monthly

Size

Rent

Monthly

Size

Department

In Dollars

Square Feet

Department

In Dollars

Square Feet

1

950

850

14

1800

1369

2

1600

1450

15

1400

1175

3

1200

1085

16

1450

1225

4

1500

1232

17

1100

1245

5

950

718

18

1700

1259

6

1700

1485

19

1200

1150

7

1650

1136

20

1150

896

8

935

726

21

1600

1361

9

875

700

22

1650

1040

10

1150

956

23

1200

755

11

1400

1100

24

800

1000

12

1650

1285

25

1750

1200

13

2300

1985

A) Plot the scatter diagram

B) Use the method of least squares to find the regression coefficients a and b

N = 13 ?x = 34 660 ?y = 28 483 x = 1386.4 y = 1135.3
Sx = Sy = 288.7 361.7
Sxy = 88750.81 r = 0850
a = 195 b = 0.687

C) Set the regression equation

A = 195 b = 0.687
y = a bx
y = 0.687 x 195

D) Predict the average monthly rent for an apartment that has a thousand square feet

1000 = 195 0687 x
x = (100-195) / 0,687 = 1171,761

3.-The following data refers to the percentage of high-performance radial tires made by certain manufacturers that are still usable after being employed the number of miles indicated.

X ‘= Zx = 156 / 8 = 19.5
n

Y ‘= Z / n = 432.6 / 8 = 54.07

Sx2 = Z (x-x) = 2472/8-1 = 308
n
_____
Sx = V 308 = 17 549

SY2 = Z (y-y) 2 = 8172,766 / 8-1 = 1167,537
n
_______
Sx = V 34 169

Sxy = Z (x-x) (y-y) = -4297.53/8-1 = -538.19
N-1

_Sxy__ = R = -538.19 / (17,549) (31.94) = 0.9599
SxSY

Y = a bx = 17.65 1.868x

A = Y ‘-bx’ = 54.07-1.868 (19.5) = 17.65

B = r (Sy / Sx) = 0.9599 (34,169) = 1,868
(17 549)

4.-A study on the amount of processed sugar in a process at various temperatures.

X ‘= Zx / n = 15.3/11 = 1.39

Y ‘= Z / n = 100.4 / 11 = 9.12

Sx2 = Z (x-x ‘) 2 / n-1 = 1 232 / 1 = 0.1232

Sx = 0.0151

SY2 = Z (y-y ‘) 2 / n-1 = 7.274/10 = 0.7274

Sy = 0.5291

Sxy = Z (x-x) (y-y) / n-1 = 2.435/10 = 0.2435

R = Sxy = 0.2435 / (0,015) (0,529) = 30,686
SxSy

Y = a bx = -1066.1 1075.22x

A = y ‘- bx’ = 9.12 (1075.22) (1.39) =- 1066.1

B = r (Sy / Sx) = 30,686 (0.5291) = 1075.22
(0.0151)

5.-Conclusion

To conclude our work is that all problems have solutions a more industrious than others but in the end give the result we need and it is for something useful to know how to solve different problems and also learned to be plotted.

6.-Learning Experience

The work we do has been very useful to us and thanks to the teacher who taught us the art of mathematics we transfer their knowledge and learned that the problems we can apply in everyday life that these are real things.

7.-Reference

All these things that we got from Notes in the notebook, and the Wikipedia page.

The Minitab is used to do great things and also save a lot of work is very easy to use to obtain various statistical concepts such as correlation and some diagrams.

OBJECTIVE:

To provide the student with statistical and graphical tools that allow you to learn to manage, analyze and interpret the data with the software MINITAB 14. There is a statistical practice, it is a quality practice, but a practice to learn to use the MINITAB software in these applications.

We will learn quality concepts and statistical concepts that are necessary for better understanding of the program.

Learn to import / export data and results between Minitab and various programs. Increase its ability to create, manipulate and restructure data.

Develop the ability to select the right tool to analyze their data and learn how to create and interpret a wide variety of graphs and numerical measures used in initiatives to improve quality.

1. Background:

Variable

A variable is a symbol representing an unspecified element of a given set. This set is called universal variable whole, universe or domain of the variable, and each set is a variable value. Let x be a variable whose universe is the set (1,3,5,7,9,11,13), then x can have any of these values: 1,3,5,7,9,11,13. In other words x may be replaced by any odd positive integer less than 14. For this reason, it is often said that a variable is a replacement of any part of his universe.

Measuring

The measurement is the determination of the ratio between the size of an object or event and a particular unit of measurement. The size of the object and the unit must be of the same magnitude. An important part of measurement is the estimation error or error analysis.

Scatter diagrams (including drawings)

A scatter diagram is a graphical representation of the relationship between two variables, widely used in the stages of verification of theories and identification of root causes and solutions design and maintenance of the results.

Correlation coefficient

The correlation coefficient provides a measure of how two random variables are associated in a “sample.” It is also a measure of the intensity of the linear relationship between X and Y.

Regression between two variables

This type occurs when two or more independent variables influence a dependent variable. Example: Y = f (x, w, z).

For example: It could be a multiple regression type:

A software development company established to link their sales depending on number of orders for the types of software that develops (Systems, Educational and Business Automation), to offer 10 projects this year.

Table represents Y (Sales thousands of S /.) And X (N º system orders), W (N º of orders for Educational Applications) and Z (No. of orders for business automation systems).

3. Theoretical examples

1. Professor Isaac Asimov was one of the most prolific writers of all time. For when he died (1992) had written nearly 500 books over a 40-year career. In fact, as he advanced in his profession became more productive in terms of the number of books in a given period. These data are the times I needed to write his books, in increments of 100:

Number of books

100

200

300

400

490

Time (months)

237

350

419

465

507

A) Plot the cumulative amount of books in function of time by a scatter diagram.

B) Describe Asimov productivity based teacher to the data set plotted in part a). Is the relationship between the two variables appears to be linear?.

It seems that the relationship between two variables if you have signs of being linear, that is found just by looking at the scatter diagram and realize that the points in the diagram form an almost straight line increase over time months and the number of books.

2. The raw material used in the preparation of a synthetic fiber is stored in a room that has no humidity control. Measurements of the local relative humidity and moisture content of a sample of the raw material (both in percentages) for 12 days, gave the following results:

Humidity, X

Moisture Content, Y

42

12

35

8

50

14

43

9

48

11

62

16

31

7

36

9

44

12

39

10

55

13

48

11

Fitting a straight line and determine the moisture content when moisture storage area is 40%.

3. The health-conscious Americans often consult information related to the nutrients listed on food packaging in order to avoid those that contain large amounts of fat, sodium or cholesterol. The following information was taken from eight different brands of American cheese slices:

Mark

Fat (g)

Fat

Saturates (g)

Cholesterol

(Mg)

Sodium (mg)

Calories

Kraft Deluxe American

7

4.5

20

340

80

Kraft Velveeta Slices

5

3.5

15

300

70

Private Selection

8

5.0

25

520

100

Ralphs Singles

4

2.5

15

340

60

Kraft 2% Milk Singles

3

2.0

10

320

50

Kraft American Singles

5

3.5

15

290

70

Singles Borden

5

3.0

15

260

60

Lake to Lake American

5

3.5

15

330

70

A) What are you waiting for pairs of variables that are closely related?

The cholesterol and calories, because table shows that depending on the amount of cholesterol is the amount of calories in each product, or it could be reversed depending the amount of calories is the amount of cholesterol contained in each product.

B) Draw a scatter diagram for fat and saturated fat. Describe the relationship.

C) Create a scatterplot for fat and calories. Compare the pattern with that seen in part b).

D) Draw a scatter diagram for fat and sodium, and one for cholesterol and sodium.

E) Calculate the correlation coefficient r for the variables of cholesterol and sodium.

Property

X

Y

(X-X)

(X-Xi) 2

(Y-Y)

(Y-Y) 2

(X-X) (Y-Yi)

1

20

340

3.75

13.83

2.5

6.25

9.37

2

15

300

-1.25

1.56

-37.5

1406.25

46.87

3

25

520

8.75

76.56

182.5

33306.25

1596.87

4

15

340

-1.25

1.56

2.5

6.25

3125

5

10

320

-6.25

39.06

-17.5

306.25

109.37

6

15

290

-1.25

1.56

-47 To 5

2256.25

59.37

7

15

260

-1.25

1.56

-77.5

6006.25

96.87

8

15

330

-1.25

1.56

-7.5

56.25

9.37

= ? 1896.84
Xi = ? x / n
130 / 8 = 1625
Yi = ?y / n
2700 / 8 = 337.5

² ? ? (x-xi) 2 / n-1
? 6.19 = 4.42

² ? ? (y-yi) 2/n-1
? 6192.85 = 78.69

Covariance

Sxy = ? (xi – x) (yi – y) / n 1
1896.84 / 7 = 270.9771

Correlation coefficient

R = Sxy / SxSy
270.97 / (4.42) (78.69) = 0.7790

4. Suppose the manager of a chain of parcel delivery services want to develop a model to predict weekly sales (thousand dollars) to individual stores based on the number of customers making purchases. We selected a random sample of all the chain stores with the following results:

Store

Clients p>

Sales ($ 1,000)

1

907

11/20

2

926

5.11

3

506

6.84

4

741

9.21

5

789

9.42

6

889

8.10

7

874

9.45

8

510

6.73

9

529

7.24

10

420

6.12

11

679

7.63

12

872

9.43

13

924

9.46

14

607

7.64

15

452

6.92

16

729

8.95

17

794

9.33

18

844

23/10

19

1010

11.77

20

621

7.41

A) Plot the scatter diagram.

B) Find the equation that best fits the data.

C) Predict the weekly sales (thousands of dollars) for stores that have 600 customers.

Some sales would be $ 7,500 for as shown in the table position of sales and customers.

X

Y

(X-X)

(X-Xi) 2

(Y-Y)

(Y-Y) 2

(X-X) (Y-Y)

907

11.2

175.85

308358.09

2399

77.4576

421.8641

926

5.11

194.85

287617.69

2249

77.4576

192 601

506

6.84

-225.15

906875.29

1961

23.8046

441.5191

741

9.21

9.85

520273.69

0409

77.4576

4.0286

789

9.42

57.85

453332.89

0619

77.4576

57 241

889

8.10

158.85

328672.89

1279

77.4576

156 571

874

9.45

142.85

346096.89

0649

77.4576

142 201

510

6.73

-221.15

906875.29

2071

7.21

458.0016

529

7.24

-202.15

871048.89

1561

32 251

315.5561

420

6.12

-311.15

1086389.29

2681

11.8267

834.1931

679

7.63

-52.15

613558.89

1171

41.7186

61.0676

872

9.34

140.85

348454.09

0539

77.4576

75.9181

924

9.46

192.85

289766.89

0659

77.4576

127.0881

607

7.64

-124.15

731538.09

1161

41.9774

144.1381

452

6.92

-279.15

1020706.09

1881

25.3915

525.0811

729

8.95

-2.15

537728.89

0149

77.4576

-0.3203

794

9.33

62.85

446642.89

0529

77.4576

33.2476

844

23/10

112.85

382294.89

1429

77.4576

161.2626

1010

11.77

278.85

204575.29

2969

77.4576

827.9056

621

7.41

-110.15

707785.69

1391

36.2283

153.2186

? = 14 623

? = 176.02

? = 11298592.6

? = 1164.3893

? = 5132.3837

Xi = ? X / n
14623/20 = 731.15

Yi = ? Y / n
176.02/20 = 8801

² ? ? (x-xi) 2 / n-1
? ² = 11298592.6 / 19 = 594662.7684
S = ? = 594662.7684 771.1438

² ? ? (y-yi) 2/n-1
? ² = 1164.3893 / 19 = 61.2836
S = ? 7.8283

Covariance

Sxy = ? (xi – x) (yi – y) / n 1
Sxy = 5132.3837 / 19 = 270.1254

Correlation coefficient

R = Sxy / SxSy
270.1254 / (771.1438) (7.8283) = 0.0447468

2. Minitab solution (instructions for solving the exercises with graphs, based on a theoretical exercises).

Dar click on the bar graph in Option menu and select Scatterplot.

After selecting scartterplot, simple option is selected and you click on ok.

After having made this tiny window that appears and select the variables you want to use, then clicking on ok.

Once this is done to obtain results.

Conclusion

In conclusion we would like to say that this practice made it very clear to us that Minitab is used to do great things and also save a lot of work is very easy to use to obtain various statistical concepts such as correlation and some diagrams.

3. Learning Experience

While working in this practice we learned that Minitab can do many things like diagrams and obtain the correlation without the use of calculators and many formulas that often make a problem more confusing, as well as a team we learned to organize ourselves to deliver all tasks and thus contribute to the project, and were surprised of how Minitab can save a lot of work and that is very helpful if in future we would need to use it.

4. Bibliography

Www.wikipedia.com

Information supplied by the teacher of this subject.