The BP in underdeveloped countries are marginalized and without any leading role in society. The theme is to develop “social function of the Public Library (BP) as an agent of change for Rural Development (RD). The work is divided into: A theoretical and conceptual framework. The theme itself and Conclusions and Bibliography.

2. PUBLIC LIBRARY (BP)

It is the institution that serves a social function as a change agent in transmitting information and
knowledge to the DR without distinction of religion, race, political beliefs, or gender or sex. Information for
All. “It’s an education for the people.”

3. TYPE OF BP

3.1 POPULAR LIBRARY
3.2 COMMUNITY LIBRARY
3.3 MUNICIPAL LIBRARY
3.4 PARISH LIBRARY
3.5 MODEL PUBLIC LIBRARY (BPM)

4.Develops RURAL (DR)

Process capitalization of human, social, environmental and productive to ensure the establishment of a “Peruvian Rural Society” where the peasants, the state, employers involved in the transformation to improve the quality of life of rural Peru.

5. SOCIAL ROLE OF THE AGENT OF CHANGE BP AS FOR DR

5.1 BACKGROUND

The idea of BP’s “Service to All” was launched in England and USA in 1810 or 1820 (or so) and was introduced in Latin America, ca. 1840, first Chile, then Argentina.
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento was the creator of the Public Library in Argentina, and the BP defined as “one of the most powerful agents for the dissemination of useful knowledge.”

5.2 SOCIAL ROLE OF THE BP

A. Develop a supplementary to the rural school, trying to raise the socioeconomic status, intellectual and moral development of rural populations. Through the different activities taking place: Training courses, productive workshops, lectures on various topics, holiday supplies, etc..
B. It serves many people who had to leave school early (very typical of rural areas) by providing adequate equipment and personnel to their information needs.
C. Facilitates and encourages reading in rural areas, acting as an effective tool against illiteracy, which in Peru and Latin America is one of the socio-educational problems that we suffer.
D. Social role of BP, will depend much of their structure: Section Child, Youth, Adult, Seniors, and its system of organization: Central and branch offices, mobile libraries, mobile library, book bags. Methods widely used in rural areas of many countries.
E. Help users disoriented and not accustomed to consult the rural library, encouraging, motivating and attracting them to obtain maximum benefit and satisfaction of their readings.
F. Act as an “Information Center for all” and not as a “Deposit and audiovisual library materials, for use by all members of the Community, particularly in rural areas. What is interested in learning, increase their knowledge and culture, strengthen their appreciation of life and achieve their ideals.

6. CONCLUSIONS

1. There will be no DR, or socio-political or, if no prior cultural development. And you can not produce cultural development without the development of BP for meeting the social role as a change agent to inform users adequately.
2. The BP is a state institution, and therefore promoted and sustained by it. Plays the role of the public service but its possible effects are mediated by the intervention of powerful mass media, which are also ideological state apparatus which help to maintain a given power structure.
3. The public library has to be an agent of change for the DR, not an inert entity, as has happened in most developing countries. But this immobility has been promoted by the same state, since the library is not an institution that interests you as a means of legitimation or being productive. For this reason, education and mass media are much more efficient and have therefore been considered a priority before the Library.
4. The public library, within a context of underdevelopment, it remains as an institution isolated from the interests of the population, despite all efforts are made individually to avoid it.
5. The BP and DR but are not closely related, with the support of a coherent education policy, a policy decision at all levels of government could reap significant benefits for rural populations who are marginalized and in poverty.

1. What is your view on this? First of all start with the context: Argentina as a country, in recent years has been taking between 15% and 20% share of total Chilean imports, generally being the first provider of this market, albeit with loss participation as a result of the stagnation of our exports of hydrocarbons. And among the main exporters from Argentina, Mendoza stands, usually the No 1 from Argentina to Chile, also historically speaking.

At the country level, traditionally the main export to Chile are hydrocarbons, with percentages around 80% of the total. Mendoza, however exports more diverse, with a smaller proportion of higher oil and agricultural manufactures (MOI). Chile today is the 3rd Mendoza export market, with U $ S 121 million FOB, which means about 10% of the expo Mendoza.

But beyond that there is enough commercial movement between the two countries, sincerely believe that there is plenty of myth in Chile as a business platform for Argentina to seek 3rd party market in countries. Many years ago in Mendoza is spoken, for example, to seek out business jointly (Mendoza and the 5th region of Chile) to the Asia Pacific region for example, but has not been generally last a couple of missions binational to Southeast Asia. In other words, “much ado about nothing”, the “noise” because there is no finance minister Mendoza (at least the last four steps) that is not dwelt extensively on this subject, but in terms of concrete achievements, very little.

And the main reason for this sort of “unfulfilled promise” I think the big difference between the extreme seriousness of Chile and our excessive informality, both government and also, in some cases, when you do business. How can we expect then that the Chileans want us as partners? Above we have limited our gas exports, contrary to long-term contracts. In short, no great expectations palp to its neighboring Chilean Andes. And while in Mendoza is a government business culture and much more serious than the national average, belong to Argentina, which has no reputation in Chile.

In addition, going to the case of Mendoza is the problem that we export many similar products, such as wine and some fresh fruit, and not really see the Chileans “giving graciously” business intelligence efforts of years for their “Mendoza brothers” will snatch market in Asia. Perhaps the thing might go for the purpose of supplying a giant like China, where the scale is not sufficient to Chilean stock only, but not much more.

What I do see a bit more achievable is the logistics industry (to trade) of Mendoza, that is, I think Mendoza is possible to consolidate a major logistical pole, operating at increasing trade volumes Argentine-Chilean also with the rest of Mercosur. Today our province provides services for the export of first line with international transport operators (both sea, air and land) class, today the world’s leading forwarders operating in Mendoza. In the last seven years admitted between 7 and 10 international carriers, and while in the 90s had landed some of them interested in the import, now never more so than in the 2000s, especially interested in the export from Mendoza.

But obviously, what the logistics pole is a political promise easier to achieve in Mendoza that going out to look for markets to Asia Pacific, the two countries together (Argentina and Chile). The latter would be something like two brothers going out looking for girls to marry, a ripening fruit, bum and wasteful of money, the other serious, responsible and thrifty, and thus more wealth. The first probably only get girls to informal relations in the short term, the other probably will be better regarded by the girls who want a long term relationship, as is often the marriage. The first would be Argentina, the second Chile. It is very difficult to be partners so we would not be equal to the time of export, which seek long-term ties seriously.

1. Why should Chile to Argentine exporters and importers

At the expo theme / impo, the bilateral real exchange rate (TCRB) influences a lot. Today, on one hand the inflation differential between Argentina and Chile plays against exporting to Chile (our true inflation was 20%, while only 8% of Chile), but the appreciation of the Chilean peso against the weight Argentina (11% in 2007) plays for our expo. On balance, the TCRB would have remained in 2007 (measured by real inflation, not the INDEC), although for example the tourism boom Mendoza 2008 in Chile (Chilean export it as a service) may be showing us that exchange rate and so would not be playing for us to export to Chile, or the effects of high inflation and our feeling would be enough.

3. Do you think the key is openness to Chile by Argentine companies

Of course it’s important, binational integration projects, which has companies “spear points” if the ideals are great, so that later dragged from their suppliers. But I repeat, do not see a big scene about it, I still maintain that there is “much ado about nothing” as a true business platform for the Argentine-Chilean joint ventures abroad. There has been, after the devaluation of the Argentine peso in 2002, an increase of the expo Argentina to Chile, helped by the competitive drive, but be careful, in recent years have been growing strong the impo Argentina from Chile, also based primarily the exchange situation. But I reiterate, what to seek out strategic markets in Asia Pacific together is long overdue, there are many projects, but too vague, in my view.

4. What was the evolution of this link

According to Info-Export, between agricultural and industrial manufactures a wide range of possibilities for exports from Mendoza to Chile. Again according to Info-Export, the main items of SME exporters Mendoza to Chile, it highlights the areas of:

Or fruits and vegetables,
or food and drink,
or machinery, equipment and metalworking,

Also include:

Or stickers,
or furniture,
or pumps oenological use,
olives, olive oil,
or industrial minerals,
or metallurgical components,
or services and capsules for bottles.

And among non-traditional products, it states:

Or industrialized housing,
or cooling equipment – stainless steel tanks, among others.

Ends (the people of Info-Export) advising that exports from Mendoza to the Chilean market should focus on industrial products, taking advantage exchange (waning in my view, for our growing inflation) and low freight costs by geographical proximity.

But we repeat, there are opportunities to export to Chile, says Info-Export, but I see the other, ie take-off Chile as a platform to 3rd party Argentine markets.

5. Why for many companies is the gateway to reach certain markets?

I repeat, I think there is much myth and “chatter” about it (see answer 1).

6. What, from his view, the keys to selling through Chile (Chilean label or, for example)

I think it’s a matter of strategy, it is cheaper to produce “white brand” to a Chilean company, but in the long term can make a lot more proving a brand in a foreign market, but obviously the short term is to invest more on marketing. Also this is a track for a degree in foreign trade, I’d rather not get involved much.

7. What products are best take advantage of this option?

For example, I do not think our fine wine for you to be “white label” of a Chilean winery, our wines should look long term business, as a matter of differential quality. Apart Chileans are coming to Mendoza, and assembled right here or buy wine, not think of doing business type white label. But ditto above, these issues are very micro, more for a degree in foreign trade, which to an economist, we are more on the macro.

The beginning of 2008, it was traumatic in the oil market, as the reference oil in the U.S., the best Texas Intermediate (WTI), played for the first time $ 100 per barrel in some contracts. But to this we add that gold also shot up to $ 860 an ounce. Given the current climate, gold is reinforced as the main refuge for investors and this led him to break the $ 850 mark, by paying 860 an ounce, $ 10 in response to movements of oil.

Making a little history, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), founded in 1960 was the first association of commodity-exporting countries. His first actions were intended to prevent further declines in the price of crude oil, previously induced by the oil companies, despite the growing international demand.

In 1970, there were proposals to index the price of oil, either to a basket of manufactured goods from industrialized countries, or their exchange rates. In the context of inflation prevailing in the U.S. and in industrialized countries as a result of the investigation in 1973 of floating exchange rates after the end of the shift system of fixed exchange rates established at Bretton Woods and the chronic deficit in the U.S. – spurred for the costs of the Vietnam War, determined that oil prices set in dollars increasingly lose value.

Oil is a resource-extinguishing, and is expected to remain the main energy source in coming decades, followed by the gas to be a growing trend. It is estimated that the share of oil in world energy consumption will decrease slightly from a current level of 35% to 32% in 2030.

The growth of oil import bill as a result of higher prices may lead to destabilization in the trade balance and fuel inflation. Also, by increasing domestic prices of petroleum products is affecting production costs in all industries, leading to a decline in international competitiveness of exports.

The decline in the number of new discoveries and depletion of proven reserves become more serious in the light of the expected increase in demand for oil for decades to come.

Economic analysts of the International Energy Agency (IEA), warned of “risks” of a growing “crisis of supply” in the oil market and not just within the distant 2015, if not take appropriate measures, based on strong investment and consumption smoothing.

For some, the reason for this crisis is the rising demand in China and India, the two major players in global economic growth over the past two years. To this is joined by traditional factors that put pressure on the market:

• Tensions in the Middle East.
• Speculation about the oil market.
• The weakness of the dollar.
• Natural disasters.

The IEA warns the possibility that demand in China and India increases more rapidly than expected. In that case, world production would require an increase of 36 million barrels of oil per day through 2015, higher than the estimated 25 million additional barrels that have announced oil-producing countries for the year.

The Department of Energy reported that U.S. oil consumption will slow from 2015 onwards throughout the world due to its high price.

The world’s energy needs in 2030 will be 50% higher than at present, in which the two Asian giants (China and India) account for almost half of that increase, but the supply seems unable to grow at that rate, according to IEA projections.

The IEA’s executive director reported that production will grow over the next five years, but there is no assurance that this increase compensates for the progressive depletion of existing fields or the boom in demand because it can not be ruled out supply crisis here until 2015, accompanied by an abrupt escalation in oil prices.

However, so far this year, oil prices of the reference rate in the United States, West Texas Intermediate (WTI) for delivery in January, has been rising so high, reaching a record high $ 99.29, on November 21, 2007.

In the price projections of the IEA considers that despite the current maximum, a barrel of oil is, discounting inflation, in $ 62 in 2030 ($ 108 in nominal terms). In the worst case scenario, would reach $ 159 in 2030.

The IEA has called for immediate government reaction to avoid the crisis, calls to launch an unprecedented investment reaches about 3.7 billion euros until 2030. The agency also emphasizes the need for a more sustainable model, with more weight on renewable energy and improved energy efficiency to reduce emissions.

Despite all this, oil has come to fall about 13% to below $ 90. This sharp decline, along with fears of a reduction in energy demand due to the global economic slowdown especially in the U.S., have made the argument prevail some OPEC countries, of which $ 100 is a fair price for oil.

According to experts, oil prices may become close to $ 100, depending particularly the decisions of OPEC not to raise official quotas of extraction. At the Meeting of the OPEC meeting on December 5 this year, it was decided to maintain the cartel’s production quota at 27.25 million barrels a day.

Rejected OPEC production increase, requested by the consumer countries, represented by the International Energy Agency.

Crude oil prices reacted immediately to news bouncing upward. The barrel WTI, U.S. benchmark, with January delivery rose 1.88% to $ 89.98, while the contract on Brent crude oil extracted from North Sea traded at $ 91.25.

Some oil ministers of OPEC, have ensured that supply and demand are balanced and that increased production is not necessary. However, the Secretary General of OPEC, is of the opinion that there is no reason for crude to be quoted at $ 100 per barrel.

According to calculations, the ten OPEC members subject to quotas provided 26.99 million bpd in November, below the amount authorized by the cartel. Taken together with the production of Iraq, Ecuador and Angola, the total production of the thirteen members of OPEC would be for 31.6 million barrels per day, which would have to add 400 000 barrels a day that would provide over Angola, Iraq and Saudi Arabia.

In conclusion, the uncertainty in the wars, the dollar, speculation and natural disasters, exacerbate the volatility of oil. For some analysts the short-term price will move according to changes in demand rather than changes in supply. The reason for this estimate is that the market will rapidly absorbed any increase of this production and that at this point the downward pressure on prices, growth pessimism stems from the U.S..

The greatest crisis of the past forty years

Decline in crude supply in million barrels per day

Source: IEA. International Energy Agency.

The 10 largest oil consumer countries, 2006.

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy. 2007

References

• Ruiz Caro, Ariela, “Recent trends in international oil market” CEPAL, Santiago, Chile, December 2008.

• The Country, Thursday, November 8, 2007 “The IEA warns of a new oil supply crisis by 2015″

• ECLAC (2001) Foreign investment in Latin America. Commission of the European Communities (2003) Communication from the Commission to the council and the European Parlamint on the conseguiences of the war in Iraq for energy and transport, Brussels, 26.03.2002 COM 164 final.

• Di Cino, F. (1999) “Oil Supply and Demand” in Techint Newsletter 298 Buenos Aires, April-June.

In some South American countries has sparked a movement for secession or regional autonomy. Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Bolivia and Guayaquil in Ecuador for three years they have opened the Pandora’s box of separatism, “which has led to a crisis, for now endless.

“In defiance of warnings from President Evo Morales, four states (departments) in Bolivia have announced their intentions to achieve autonomy, questioning so that the new Constitution was passed in an assembly that consisted in the presence the political strength of opposition.

The governors and civic leaders of Santa Cruz, Tarija, Beni and Pando, organized rallies for the release of the new statutes that give local governments broad powers of legislation, administration of its resources and electing its officers. The statutes were drawn up by inter-institutional meetings after being subject to local referendum may take effect, although these have been classified as illegal by President Evo Morales.

The economic reality of Bolivia said that only two departments of land can be self-sustaining: La Paz and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, since both have economic resources to finance their own departmental governments. According to official statistics, in La Paz and Santa Cruz is concentrated 89.9% of recoveries tirbutarias. Cochabamba, Bolivia’s third region, accounts for 17.6%.

Santa Cruz

According to the Bolivian analyst Andrew Piera Rico, Santa Cruz, the richest province and developed in Bolivia, is where you place the most publicized claim autonomy of South America. But Santa Cruz are far from alone in his claims. Tarija, Pando and Beni in Bolivia, Puno in Peru and Guayaquil in Ecuador, are some of the clearest examples of regions that also seek to emancipate themselves.

From a while back, a large majority of the inhabitants of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, kicked off to achieve the autonomy of that department. Since the independence of Bolivia (1825) and for many decades, eastern Bolivia was left to their fate, far from the pomp of power of the Aramayo mining, Patino and Hoschild and the comings and goings of the dictatorships that plagued Time and delayed development. The prairies of eastern Bolivia seemed to have no future prospects. Andean Bolivia was only with very little contact with the lowlands. Nothing was heard demands for autonomy, complaints against the centralism of La Paz. At most some sporadic laments the isolation and distance.

From 1871-now considered a reality the isolation of eastern Bolivia-federalist revolution Andrés Ibáñez allowed the “Federal High Board of the East”, proclaim the December 27, 1876 the principles of “peace, equality and fraternity, which vararía through every obstacle to submit the centralized and tyrannical form of government unit. ” “The Federation, the new messiah of the oppressed peoples in the middle of hovering and national space.”

In the view of economist and regional planner Bolivian Carlos Rodrigo Zapata, “but the proclamations Ibanez Federalists apparently were intended to raise some demands on the national state, were still far from becoming a force capable of movilizare umbrella large segments of the population to appropriate a portion of the power of decentralized decisions, just as the subsequent demands for decentralization also failed to win the heart of Santa Cruz society, because even lacked the strength that gives credible support to the promise of autonomy. “

The Candidate Tarija, Beni and Pando

From 2000 to regional aspirations joined the people of Tarija, the second largest department of Bolivia, where it is stored 85.3% of the 53 trillion cubic meters of gas Bolivia make the deposit plus Energy importance of this mineral.

On July 6, 2005, by Supreme SDecreto No. 28 229-promulgation by President Eduardo Rodríguez-for the first time the Bolivian people could choose their top departmental officials by direct vote and a simple majority.

The population of the department of Pando, one of the departments most beautiful and most biodiverse of Bolivia, Cobija capital – “the pearl of Acre” – the July 2, 2006, with 57.7% of 20 732 Valid reaches the “yes” to the national autonomy referendum, saying “their hopes of progress and resources to exploit the enormous natural resources and tourism in the region.”

Following in the footsteps Civic Santa Cruz, Tarija and Pando, two hundred and eighty MPs, councilors, and related components from other sectors have recently started to sit in an assembly to discuss and approve the autonomous status of the region, according to majority opinion ” does not mean a separation of the country, but continue the relationship with the National Government and other state institutions. “

What motivations drive to establish autonomy?. For some analysts Bolivians, the movement is the result of an ancestral longing as in the Basque country, nor by the social inequalities that occur in these regions. According to Saul Escalera, “It is a methodical operation mounted by the transnational oil companies after the hydrocarbon law, approved in the plebiscite of julio/2004.

There is a consensus in public opinion in Santa Cruz and Tarija, fundamentally, to argue that everything is due to a much simpler reason: “We will not remain the silly ducks. We contribute much more to the national treasury than we receive. We can not continue to fund the poor highlands and the government does not recognize our economic differences. But never have considered the separation of Bolivia’s no question of that, “he writes businessman Roberto Ruiz, president of the Civic Committee of Tarija.

Ecuador: yes autonomy, decentralization not

Although Ecuador has, by law, a decentralized state since 1997, in reality the process has been implemented in some cantons and related to some areas. It is widely believed that President Correa has to face a reform to the state model, and deal with certainty the scope of the term decentralization and more advanced than what is autonomy.

In January 2005, the mayor of Guayaquil Jaime Nebot called which was called “white march” calling for autonomy for the city, creating a year after Guayas Corporation, consisting of fifteen professionals and experts in various subjects in order implement the necessary mechanisms to achieve it.

In Ecuador we see an exhaustion of the rentier state, based on the over-exploitation of nature (coffee. Banana, oil, etc..) And the favorable terms of trade and on the other hand, the inadequacy of state unit to the country’s diversity. (Fernando Carrion).

In the background, as well as the desires of self-government, lies a historic rivalry between the Ecuadorian coastal region, with the front-Guayaquil and the hill which is Quito, political and administrative capital of the country.

This situation has led to discussion on “centralization-decentralization, an issue that has been raising since the formation of Ecuador situation that calls for an updated policy debate that offers the possibility of achieving a radical change from the current unitary state- centralized to a decentralized, autonomous.

Peru: Puno to Catalonia

In February 2005, the Regional President of Puno, David Jimenez Sardon, presented a project for the establishment of self-government similar to that approved in Santa Cruz de la Sierra. The decision surprised when Puno focuses only 2.2% of national GDP, but the real reason is to achieve regional autonomy Quechua-Aymara, according to Jimenez Sardon, “We have a great appreciation for the development of autonomy Spanish, particularly that of Catalonia, that is, not separate from the state but develop within it. We develop ourselves by what we are: a Quechua-Aymara nation. “

The call for autonomy is aimed to install in Puno to formalize a free zone trade entering Bolivia and Chile and get preferential treatment in agriculture productivity so as to meet the basic needs that are lacking in 71% of Puno families.

If autonomy is achieved within the constitu
tional framework may be beneficial in the process of democratic decentralization in the country. If successful on the basis of a confrontation with the central power of the state can become a factor of instability.

In the gasification process, coal is the biomass feedstock is converted to gas by partial combustion for carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide used in the production of ethanol by fermentation or catalysis thermo-chemical (eg. Fischer-Tropsch process). The catalysts are based on elements such as iron and cobalt.

Basic Concepts

Corn Ethanol

1. Grain Milling:

The grains are finely ground corn flour.

2. Corn Masa and Heating:

Supply of liquid to cornmeal dough is stop (mashed).

Increase in the temperature of the process to transform the starch into a liquid solution and eliminate bacteria in the dough.

3. Enzymatic Hydrolysis:

Delivery of enzymes to degrade (break) the long chains of carbohydrates, converting starch into short chains of glucose (simple sugar 6 carbons) and, eventually, into individual glucose molecules.

4. Yeast Fermentation:

The hydrolyzed mass is transferred to a fermentation tank where you add micro-organisms (yeasts) to convert glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Large amounts of CO2 generated during the fermentation process, are recovered and compressed for sale to other industries (eg. Carbonated beverages, dry ice, etc. .).

5. Distillation:

The product of fermentation (like beer) contains between 10% and 12% ethanol (alcohol), and waste of mass and yeasts. This product is pumped through several columns in the distillation chamber to remove solid waste ethanol and water.

The purity of ethanol, after distillation, is about 96%.

Solid waste is perfectly situated in the bottom of the tank, are pumped to the outside and processed as sub-products rich in protein for livestock feed.

6. Dehydration:

A. Small amounts of water remaining in the ethanol are removed by filters to retain molecules. These filters contain a series of small bumps that absorb water. The ethanol molecules are larger that prevents them from passing through the filters. In this way you get ethanol alcohol level of 200 Proof.

Before shipment, ethanol is blended with gasoline (~ 5%) to denature ethanol. Thus avoiding the intake of ethanol as alcohol.

Comment:

Foods such as corn, should not be used to produce ethanol to power the machines.

The corn is food that provides energy to human beings.

Cellulosic Ethanol

1. Plant Waste:

Most of the material in the plant consists of three major polymers: a) Cellulose (35% to 50%). b) hemicellulose (20% to 35%). c) Lignin (10% to 25%). These polymers are constructed and interconnected by complex assemblies within the cell walls in plants.

The cellulose and hemicellulose are carbohydrates that can be processed into fermentable sugars. The parts of cellulose and hemicellulose in biomass are processed separately because they have different structures and different sugar contents.

The cell consists of long chains of glucose molecules (simple sugars 6-carbon) built on a solid three-dimensional crystal structure.

The hemicellulose is a branched polymer composed primarily of molecules of xylose (simple 5-carbon sugars) and other sugars. Lignin can not be converted to ethanol, because it is a carbohydrate, but a rigid aromatic polymer.

2. Mechanical Process:

Grind biomass (crop residues), but not before removing undesirable substances.

3. Pre-Treatment on Biomass:

It applies heat, pressure or acids to release the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin from biomass. Thus, the cellulose more accessible to the action of enzymes (hydrolysis) and hemicellulose, is hydrolyzed to soluble sugar mixture containing 5 and 6 carbons. A small portion of cellulose can be converted into glucose. Acids, when used in this process are neutralized by the addition of lime. Usually only one type of process (heat, pressure, acid) is not feasible, because the biomass comes from different sources (grasses, straws. Cobs, wood, paper). Hydrolysis = chemical reaction of water with another substance.

4. Separation:

The hemicellulose sugar syrup is separated from the solid fibers that contain lignin and crystalline cellulose.

5. Hemicellulose Fermentation Sugars:

Through a series of biochemical reactions, the bacteria convert xylose into ethanol and other hemicellulose sugars.

6. Production of Enzymes:

Some of the solid biomass are used to produce cellulase enzymes that break down cellulose crystal. These enzymes are derived from cultures of microorganisms. The purchase of enzymes eliminate this stage.

7. Hydrolysis of cellulose:

The fibrous residues contained in the cellulose and lignin, are transferred to a fermentation tank where cellulase enzymes are provided.
A mixture of different cellulases work together to degrade the crystalline cellulose and cellulose chains to obtain crystallization and finally break every chain of cellulose into individual glucose molecules.

8. Cellulose fermentation of sugars (glucose):

Yeasts or other microorganisms consume glucose (sugars, cellulose) and generate ethanol, together with carbon dioxide resulting from glucose fermentation.

9. Distillation:

The ethanol, which was produced during the fermentation of sugars from hemicellulose and cellulose is distilled to remove water and concentrate the ethanol. Solid waste containing lignin and cells of microorganisms can be used as fuel to generate electricity and heat needed in the process, or be converted into sub-products for animal feed or agricultural fertilizer.

10. Dehydration:

The remaining water is removed from the ethanol distilled.

Getting Cellulosic Ethanol by Gasification

In the gasification process, coal is the biomass feedstock is converted to gas by partial combustion for carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide used in the production of ethanol by fermentation or catalysis thermo-chemical (eg. Fischer-Tropsch process). The catalysts are based on elements such as iron and cobalt.

The gases: carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide are subjected to fermentation by microorganisms such as Clostridium ljungdahlii which treat gases (carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide) and as a result of assimilation occurs ethanol and water. Ethanol is separated from water by distillation.

Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol Production

Among the obstacles in the production of cellulosic ethanol are the following:

? Lower average amount of biomass sugars.

? The nature of cellulose persistent inability to obtain sugars. That is, better methods are needed in the pre-treatment and solubilization of hemicellulose and cellulose that are protected within the rigid structures in the cell walls of plants, together with lignin.

? Pre-intensive treatment of biomass for ethanol production, generate sub-chemicals that inhibit the enzymatic hydrolysis and decrease productivity of microorganisms in fermentation.

? The crystalline form of cellulose makes it difficult for aqueous enzyme solutions convert the cellulose into glucose.

? The mixture of sugars with 5 and 6 carbon generated by the hydrolysis of hemicellulose. There are microorganisms that can ferment sugars 5 or 6 carbons, but these organisms show lower average production in the fermentation of sugars and low tolerance to ethanol as an end product. The production of ethanol with sugar mixture of 5 and 6 carbons is less than that obtained from corn starch in the fermentation of sugars.

The assassination of Pakistani opposition candidate, Benazir Bhutto, last December 27, 2007 in Rawalpindi, continues to astound the world. His death reflects the political and social intolerance of his opponents on duty that colluded with extremist groups, ended the life of the leader of the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), center-left organization affiliated with the Socialist International.

The selective crimes and attacks against civilians in various parts of the world are caused not only by terrorist groups, but also by various ethnic separatist policies to destabilize democratic governments and media have a greater role, as is the case of Pakistan which research is presumed participation of the Islamic movement Al Qaeda. However, it must be clarified that in the Muslim world there are different religious and political trends are not all extremists.

In Pakistan the situation is complex since it was formed as a nation in 1947. There was always fratricidal struggles between ethnic Sindhis and muhajires, the latter former refugees Indians, who added the separatist stance of Kashmir, India also disputed territory, exacerbate the social problem. Although this territory was awarded to Pakistan at its inception, ethnic conflict caused the king of Kashmir opted for India joining. Since then, both countries claim the territory and have been involved in bloody clashes in 1948, 1965 and 1971, the two countries developing weapons with nuclear technology.

Although historically many of these conflicts have their origins in biblical times, in the eleventh century made the Afghan invasion and Turkish-Ottoman centuries situation worsened after the decision of the Company British East India to annex Emirates Sindh, Hyderabad and Khaipur in the nineteenth century, remaining under British sovereignty. This company had begun its penetration in India in 1746.

In 1947, London granted independence to India, but the separatist regions of Eastern Bengal and Punjab are the nation of Pakistan, with Karachi as the capital of the new state. This separation led to bloody clashes between Muslims, Hindus and Sindhi, while allowing polarization between these two breakaway regions.

The Constitution of 1956 created the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, even within the British Commonwealth, which was ratified later by the new Constitution of 1975. Also divided the young nation. The former emirate of Sindh, Balochistan Province and the Punjab region of western Pakistan are renamed, leaving Bengal and East Pakistan.

In 1963, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Benazir’s father, in his capacity as foreign minister begins talks with China, creating the Rawalpindi-Beijing business hub. Rawalpindi, a city where Benazir murdered, and second was the new capital since 1959. In 1970 he made the first direct elections and politically polarized the country between the Awami League in East Pakistan and PPP in West Pakistan, the latter group was led by Benazir’s father.

However, ethnic conflict continued to deteriorate, culminating in a civil war that allowed the final separation of East Pakistan, taking the name of Bangladesh as an independent country. The Awami League supported the release of the new nation, now one of the poorest in Asia. West Pakistan was just like Pakistan with its new capital Islamabad, the third and current since independence.

In 1971, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Sindhi descent, and Pakistan took the chair away from the British. In 1973, Bhutto again wins elections and becomes not president but the prime minister, leading to serious clashes with their opponents. Shortly after he was overthrown by the army chief, Mohammad Zia ul-Haq, who sentenced him to death by hanging in 1979. This coup was killed in an attack on August 17, 1988, allowing Benazir Bhutto, Zulfiqar’s eldest daughter just 35 years old, became the first woman in the modern era assumed the political leadership of a Muslim country. Her mother, Nusrat Bhutto was a Pakistani-Iranian Kurdish descent.

This ill-fated leader who was born on June 21, 1953 in Karachi, was twice prime minister (1988-1990 and 1993-1996). In his first government was removed from office before completing his term accused of corruption by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan. In his second term was also revoked for the same offenses charged by President Farooq Leghari. In both cases, she said that the corruption allegations were politically motivated. The government promotes Islamic sharia (Islamic law), whereby women are almost second-class citizens and Benazir had studied at the universities of Oxford and Harvard. For many of her opponents, her being a woman could never lead a Muslim country.

Was exiled in the city of Dubai in 1998, but returned home on October 18 last year, after reaching an agreement with President Pervez Musharraf, the military took power in 1999, who granted him political amnesty of all charges against him. A few days after his return, he escaped unhurt from a suicide bombing that killed 139 people. Her hope hopes of becoming prime minister for the third time an Islamic country that has 146 million inhabitants.

The chaos created by the assassination of Benazir Bhutto has alerted all democracies who view Islamic radicalism as a barrier to world peace, especially in nations with a nuclear power. The instability in the region is exacerbated by the presence of Al Qaeda and the Taliban in neighboring Afghanistan.

This article aims to state briefly some aspects of past history and present of China has expressed over time in figures expressing their economic status and other information of general interest in order to receive an x-ray of what this country represents. In addition, showing some of its parallel with the existing leading indicators for Spain and Mexico.

(Central Intelligence Agency, 2007). For many centuries, China represented a protruding leading world civilization under their progress in the arts and sciences. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the country suffered from many social conflicts and foreign occupation.

After the Second World War, the Communists under the leadership of Mao Zedong established an autocratic socialist system, which nevertheless strengthened China’s sovereignty, imposed strict controls on population involving many hardships to its people and above all, very questionable talking about respect for human rights.

In 1978, the successor of Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, began the road to market economy without losing sight of the Communist guideline, resulting from then until now, a booming Chinese economy booming and development potential placing impressive today as a leading world economic powers (along with the United States and the European Union).

Regarding the current international disputes in China, the main focuses in the territory of Kashmir, a situation considered as the most militarized dispute in the world to attend the militias of both India and China and Pakistan in that area. However, China and India have initiated since 2005, talks to resolve disputes in this area and including the issue of nuclear nonproliferation in the region.

In another case, and by means of comparison between Mexico, Spain, and China (the two first countries, being where it is headed this document), then show the following relevant facts and figures representing the “x” current these regions (Table 1):

Stressing the above table, including the following main conclusions:

1) Territorially China has great extension, under which the surface represents an area equivalent to 19 times the size of Spain and almost 5 times the size of Mexico.

2) China’s economy will grow faster than those of Spain and Mexico, because the rate of growth in its economy in terms of GDP is approximately 130% and 185% higher than growth rates recorded both Spain and Mexico, in addition to the above, the total amount of China’s GDP in dollar terms represents approximately 9 times more than those recorded by both Spain and in Mexico alone.

3) China, despite its good economic performance, it is still a developing economy based on the following grounds: even though this region has a low unemployment rate (4.2%) and population size considered economically Poor also low (10%), has a per capita GDP of less than 8000 dollars (indicator well below the average recorded by the developed countries), and in addition to the above, China still shows a moderate underdevelopment to observe the following telecommunications features:

– In China there is a fixed telephone line for every 3.6 people.
- In China there is a mobile line for every 2.9 people.
- In China one in 10 inhabitants is on the Internet.

4) China represents a growing market and favorable for investments, under which the growth rate of the economy (11.1%) is higher than the rate of population growth (0.61 %).

5) There is a current account balance surplus (and therefore the balance of payments surplus also has) representing 2% of GDP in China. Therefore, under surplus exists in the balance of payments of China, is not predicted a devaluation of its currency in the short term due to this cause.

6) Finally, China is a country with low borrowing from abroad: foreign debt represents only about 3% of its annual GDP (noting that in theory the higher indebtedness of a foreign country, the greater possibility of the government of that country to impose wage and price controls on those companies located him).

Information Sources:

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY, 2008 information from the World Factbook of the Central Intelligence Agency, available at:

Http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook

ICEX, 2008, Spanish Foreign Trade Institute, country profiles of China, Spain and Mexico.