The work of interest to all researchers who use one hand, concepts of form and value, and moreover, the philosophical distinction between essence and phenomenon. So I think it will interest economists, sociologists, philosophers, linguists and semiologists. It will also be of great interest to all those dedicated to defending the interests of workers and spread the need for socialism. And will appeal equally to all those who want to understand the thinking of Marx in origin, rich in content as conceptual and categorical forms is unique. This work consists of two sections: the first describes the transformation of the commodity into money, that is, Marx’s theory of value, and second, a critique of the critics of Marx. For those restless, which from the beginning want to know what the meaning, style and mode of this work, we recommend that you read in the second section, the article titled: Is Marx metaphysical or scientific? But to understand for sure all the critical part, you should read before the first section. It is impossible to understand the criticism of Baudrillard without knowing the first section.

SECTION

TRANSFORMATION OF GOODS IN MONEY
(THEORY OF VALUE)

Introduction

Most of the texts that speak of Marx’s theory of value, both its supporters and its opponents, it lacks the richness of detail, rigor and order within the text of Marx. Dominate the confusion, darkness and speculation in those texts. My method of presentation is different because I follow the text of Marx directly, speak with your words, and I do not skip the steps in the evolution of the arguments. Accompany the reader throughout the text, we shrink the tour, and told him the logical, philosophical, anthropological and phenomenological present in its different parts. If the reader carefully and rigorously studied my work, then you can study directly the text of Marx with relative ease. According to Marx, the hardest part of Capital is in his first chapter, that is, exposure of the transformation of goods into cash. And that is what this paper.

1. Marxist economics and conventional economics. One gets the idea that Marxist economics, represented by Karl Marx’s Capital and conventional economics inhabit two different worlds: Marx in the metaphysical and mainstream economists in the scientists. It presents the thinking of Marx as a theoretical dark, metaphysical and impractical, whereas conventional economics is presented as a theoretical science, rigorous and highly practical. When the truth is that Karl Marx’s Capital includes the main concepts of conventional economics. In the philosophy contained in the Capital there is no opposition between appearance and reality. Domina, on the contrary, the idea that reality consists of appearances and essences. That is, the appearance is part of reality and not something opposed to reality. Call key categories to the categories which reflect the essence of reality, while apparent call categories to categories that reflect the appearance of reality. Here is an example to make these very clear philosophical differences. In conventional economics is essential to the study of the price category, but it is also in Marx’s Capital.

Where is the difference? Conventional economics defines the price according to its practical function (apparent). Marx also discusses the practical function of the price, but adds something more: it explains the genesis of the form of money, explains the process by which the value undergoes a series of metamorphoses, from simple figure, which is given in barter , to its more complex figure, which is the form of price. Therein lies the fundamental component of Capital: an analysis of the forms of value. The category price reflects a semblance of economic reality, whereas more value reflects an essence of economic reality. The movement is from Marx’s theory of essences of appearances, that is, part of the value in its natural form until the form of money, whereas the conventional economy moves only in the realm of appearance. Therefore, we should not see in mainstream economics denial of Marxist economics, but rather the opposite: a necessary part of it.

2. What is manifested and how to manifest. Take a table two meters of a mirror. If you approach the table mirror, table mirror (the image of the table) will increase in size. If away on the mirror table, mirror table will decrease in size. This experience demonstrates simple scientific need to distinguish in the field of relations between things, which manifests itself in the form of expression. Increasing the size of the table mirror is the way it expresses the approximation of the table mirror, while decreasing the size of the table of the mirror is the way to demonstrate the removal of the table on the mirror. So the increase in table size of the mirror is not only increasing the size of the table mirror, but also the phenomenal form, the form of manifestation, alignment of the table in the mirror. If the world of the physical relationships between things phenomenological distinction is necessary, it will be more necessary in the world of relations between men mediated by the products of labor. So when Marx studied the price as phenomenal form of value is not conducting any metaphysical adventure or leaping into the void. It is only a necessary taking into account scientific distinction. The great difficulty for conventional economists and Marxists rightly to understand Karl Marx’s Capital, is to think in terms of formal logic or in terms of dialectical logic general. Logic completely unknown phenomenon, which is the quintessence of Marx’s dialectical thinking. They ignore that the concept of phenomenal form is more fundamental logic in Capital.

3. The Capital and Semiotics. Any researcher in Semiotics, especially those that reflect on the semiotics of money, are required to study, at least, the first chapter of Karl Marx’s Capital, which involves the transformation of goods into money, and where it is exposed theory of value. Know that the exchange rate between goods is a relation of expression, that is, a semiotic relation. So in this chapter of Marx’s view of semiotics, which can be developed to more general assumptions, and that has its foundations in the Phenomenology. It is also important to note that the concept of form and concept of value that are relevant to linguistics and semiotics, are basic in the theoretical development of the chapter of Capital said.

4. The historical destiny of Capital. The first popularization of Capital corresponded to Engels. But Engels popularized this dialectic in Capital, especially in his book Anti-Duhring. After it happened, since the late nineteenth century, the possibilities of a socialist revolution, especially in terms of subjective conditions, moved from France, England and Germany to Russia, a country semipatriarcal, semi-feudal and semicapitalist. Since then, the role played by Marx was occupied by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. Over 90 100 of the texts of the leader of the Russian Communists were political. Hence European Communists, dazzled by the brilliant Vladimir Ilyich, Marx left side, and especially to the Capital. The economic development of communists throughout the world during the twentieth century plummeted, allowing liberal economic views entirely dominate the landscape of economic sciences. There are, however, two texts on economics Vladimir Ilyich very important, but never had great ideological importance to the Communists. The first of these texts, written in the late nineteenth century, was about the development of capitalism in Russia, the creation of the domestic market and the capitalist commercial changes taking place in agriculture. The second of these texts, a couple of years before Vladimir Ilyich died, is the new political economy been proposed after the economic failure of communism meant war. In the New Economy Policy is intended to restore the currency market relations, and enhance the small capital and state capitalism. China’s economic reforms started in 1978 has its main t
heoretical precedent in the New Economic Policy was designed by Vladimir Ilyich. But after the death of Vladimir Ilyich the importance of economic knowledge among the Communists fell to the lowest levels, and thus they were defeated so easily by mainstream economists (capitalists) and opened the wave of ideological capitulation among Marxist intellectuals. However, Stalin and Mao Zedong spoke that the Communists always had to respect the law of value. What it meant for these two leaders to respect the law of value? Respect the idea that the value of wealth is determined by the amount of labor socially necessary to produce it. However, while promoting respect for the law of value, promoted while suspension of the monetary market relations. Therefore, in practice did not respect the law of value. Why? Because the value only exists objectively in the form of money. Only if I allow that production under socialism is a commercial production, I allowing the law of value is revealed. But if you forbid commercial production, then in practice I’m not respecting the law of value.

THE FORM OF MERCHANDISE

First trial: In capitalist societies, wealth is presented as a commodity.

Shape logic of trial: A is presented as B. This is a trial presentation that we must distinguish two sides: first, the object is presented, and on the other hand, as presented. And in the language field will also distinguish two sides: first, the name of the object being presented, and on the other hand, the phrase with which we express as the object is presented. Here the object presented is wealth, and is presented as a commodity. This form of trial is widely used in everyday life. Addressing a friend and pointing at our companion we say: “this is John Smith, husband of Ana Ruiz, a professor of Linguistics at the University of La Laguna, and a childhood friend.” “John Smith” is the name of the object is presented, and “the husband of Ana Ruiz”, “Professor of Linguistics at the University of La Laguna” and a “childhood friend” are the phrases with which we express that as Introducing the object.

When we say that John Smith presented it as the husband of Ana Ruiz, Juan Sanchez are presenting as a member of certain social relations. So ‘acting’ and ‘member of certain relationships’ we will take them as equivalent expressions.

Contents of the trial: In the slave and feudal societies only a small portion of wealth is produced as a commodity. While in capitalist societies all wealth is produced as a commodity. And in socialist societies, according to the experience of the new political economy developed by Vladimir Ilyich and economic reforms undertaken in China since 1978, wealth has to keep producing like merchandise. Among the Marxists after the death of Vladimir Ilyich, had confused the commodity form of wealth as capital, and socialism was understood in this sense: as a movement leading to ending commercial form of wealth. This was the economic substance of the Soviet model of socialist construction and there he lived his error and power failure. Blended economic mechanisms to develop the production of wealth, where experience has shown that the market is higher than plan, with the form of ownership of wealth, where experience has shown that the interests of the majority is more socialist form the capitalist form. Until recently, the electricity was produced in Spain as a commodity, not as capital. The electricity-producing industries were state owned. But with the wave of liberalization, these industries have been privatized, and instead of producing electricity as a social good is produced as a capital. The critical path of socialism is to fight the commodity form of wealth, but in striving to change their shape capitalist socialist. The struggle for socialism is a struggle manifested primarily the area of the property.

However, capitalism has evolved so that everything, absolutely everything, is to be produced as a commodity. Thus, aspects of social life such as sports, fame or privacy currently produced as commodities. So the road to socialism also manifest itself as a definition of what aspects of social life can be produced as commodities, and what aspects are not. Even the Catholic Church sees the fabulous wages earned by elite players an enormous injustice. But the huge income they receive famas people from advertising and from sales of exclusives to magazines, represents a huge injustice. Therefore, the path of socialism also requires an end to the commodity form that have those aspects of life mentioned above.

Like the wealth in capitalist societies is presented as a commodity, Marx began his research examining the goods. But the commodity is a double object: use value and value. Hence, the first thing to do is give Marx two concepts of use value.

THE VALUE OF USE

Second trial: The use value is something that by its properties satisfies human needs of any kind.

Third trial: The use value is something that by its properties can be useful in several respects.

All verbal judgments whose operator is the verb to be named these conceptual judgments. And in every way we distinguish two sides: the purpose and content. And in the language field must also distinguish two sides: the name of the object concept and the term that expresses the content of the concept. Thus, in our case, the ‘use value’ is the name of the object of the concept, while ‘thing by its properties can meet human needs’ and ‘thing by its properties may be useful in various aspects’ are the phrases with we express the content of the concept.

How logical content of the trial: one thing to be A, B can be This distinction is very important, since A and B do not play the same role or have the same value in the development of concept trial. One thing can not be B if not A. However, one thing can not necessarily be A B.

The scientific task, the conceptual work itself should focus on the investigation, analysis and content development of the concept, not capricious and arbitrary use of the name of the object concept. And this is the first task that Marx in Capital: developing the concept of use value. And once the concept has been developed, the object name of the concept (use value) can run as a category, like name that has been preloaded with a conceptual content or information content. And who does not prepare in advance the concept of use value, use the name ‘use value’, not as a category, but only as a word loaded with its general meaning. Category is the use we give to the object of a concept once we have developed the content. In this sense, Baudrillard’s book, Critique of Political Economy of the sign, is not categorical, it develops the concepts previously put into circulation or very poorly prepared.

But let us reflect on the two conceptual contents. Let’s start with the second: how everything is a set of many properties, can be useful in several respects. Represents the logic of this trial: how everything is A, can be B. We note that the logic of this trial assigned to A (properties) and B (the utility) two different roles. Consider these two papers in the field of formal dialectic. First consideration: one thing can be useful, properties. If the thing has no properties, it can be useful. For example, if a hammer does not have certain properties such as hardness and a particular physical form, it would be useful for nailing studs. Second consideration: a thing can have properties and not be useful, for example, dust that collect daily in our homes. Therefore, the properties are independent of use value, there can exist without the other party, the utility. While the utility is independent of the non-use value can not exist if the other party does not exist, the properties. Marx puts it, the utility does not float in the air, conditioned by the properties of the body of use-value does not exist without them.

Let us now reflect on the second meaning of the term: something that by its properties can meet human needs. Denote the logic of this trial: one thing to be A, B can be We note
that the logic of this trial assigned to A (properties) and B (the satisfaction of human needs) different roles. Consider these two papers in the field of formal dialectic. One thing only satisfies human needs, if you have properties. If you have no property, the thing can not meet human needs. One thing can have properties and human needs, but never a thing could meet human needs if it had no property. For example, an orange can meet food needs because it has nutritional properties. Therefore, the properties are independent of use value, there can exist without the other party, the satisfaction of human needs. While the satisfaction of human needs is the independent non-use value can not exist if there is no other hand, the properties.

We see that the content of the concept of use value has three aspects, parts or moments: the properties, usefulness and satisfaction of needs. One of these, the properties, has an independent existence, while the other two, the utility and the satisfaction of human needs, have a dependent existence. Hence it is wrong to conceive the utility as if it were an independent existence and not as a party in its existence depends on the properties. And that error is committed by Baudrillard. And not only that the utility of a thing lies in its properties, but also that certain properties should only provide certain utilities. So an orange because it serves as food nutrition, but serve to break the bark of a walnut because it lacks sufficient hardness. However, a stone used to break the crust of an almond because it has sufficient strength, but it serves as food because it lacks nutrition.

Value ideological concept of use value. Look at the first concept of use value, the one who says it is a thing by its properties satisfies human needs. Through this we can define what content is poor and what is a rich man. A worker who lives in the minimum wage has basic needs met, but their higher needs and luxury needs is not met. These people have a tendency to dream, to think that one day they can earn a sum of money through the game, and so do his family happy. They expect a windfall. And enjoy the chance to dream. A capitalist is a person who has basic needs met superior and deluxe. But the needs do not cease to multiply, capitalists also experienced anxiety to gain more and more money. A poor, especially the thousands who die daily from hunger, is a person who does not even have basic needs met. They represent the need to be completely alienated from the means of satisfaction. And the need to be completely alienated from the means of satisfaction, leads to the sufferer to death. The world’s poor, people living in the realm of abstract need not dream of a windfall, but his soul is wide open to the greater of human dreams: the existence of a God they benefactor ensure life after death.
Objective and subjective concept of value in use. When we say that the value of use is something that by its properties satisfies human needs, we are defining the value of using a subjective way. But what does develop the concept of use value in a subjective way? It means that the definition of the object we introduce the subject, and in this case is perfectly clear: the needs and satisfactions are aspects in the person residing in the subject, not the object. Whereas when we say that the value in use is one thing that their properties can be useful, we are defining the value of using an objective way. But what is meant here by developing the concept of use value in an objective manner? It means that the definition of the object does not introduce the subject, and in this case is perfectly clear: the utility is something that resides in the thing, on the object, not in the subject.

Third trial: The use value is realized only in the use or consumption. This distinction between the being of a thing and its realization is very important, both financially and in philosophy. This distinction also applies to the value. It is said that the only value in the market place, in the change. This distinction is not equivalent to that between being in power and being in act. Here it is simply to know that in the sphere of consumption, which showed that use value is that value of use, whether it is useful. As in the market area shows whether a commodity is value, that is, if spent on producing work is socially necessary. It is ironic that Marx is credited with the idea of denying the market and have conceived the non-market value, when in fact stated that only in the market is where it shows whether a commodity has value.

Fourth trial: use values constitute the material content of wealth, whatever its social form. Regardless of that wealth occurs on a slave, so feudal, capitalist or so in a socialist manner, the material content of wealth is the same: the value in use. With the concept of use value can not know in what form social wealth is produced. Samuelson and Nordhaus say in his book ECONOMY: “Given that desires are unlimited, it is important for an economy to get the most out of limited resources, which leads us to the fundamental concept of efficiency. Efficiency means using the resources of society as effectively as possible to meet the needs and desires of the individual “(The emphasis of this last part is mine). If this were true, if the economy pursue the needs and desires of individuals, would be evidence that capitalism is not efficient. And for two reasons: first, because a large proportion of the population is doomed only to meet basic needs, and second, because every minute twelve children die of hunger. Clearly, Samuelson and Nordhaus define what is an economy in terms of value in use, that is, a definition that would be common to any mode of production, while avoiding social define its form. And why I say that define the economy in terms of value in use? Because the conceptual content they use, meeting the needs of individuals, belonging to the concept of use value. Mainstream economists want to define the economy regardless of the precise nature of the relations of men in production. This alienation goes so far as to conceive the exploitation of man by man as an ethical problem and not economic.

The concept of value in use is also very important for socialism. The Soviet model of socialism as socialism was understood as poor as a socialism where workers were limited to the minimum material needs and doomed luxury your unique needs. The Chinese reform led by Deng Xiaoping sought to overcome the poor and socialism to conquer the rich socialism, socialism, where workers have greater wealth and therefore greater satisfaction. Why this demand is fair? Because the wealth the workers produce. The fact that the Soviet model workers had a low standard of living was not due to the existence of a capitalist class to take ownership of a huge surplus, but the fact that in the total economy of heavy industry accounted for 70 100, while light industry was 30 per 100. And the life of the masses, the people’s consumption, daily satisfaction, depends on light industry occupies a greater weight in the overall economy.

This is one of the addresses that followed the Chinese economy, increase the weight of light industry, increase the quantity, quality and variety of goods of mass consumption. And this increased consumption, the enhancement of Chinese workers, it is misunderstood by the West as the path of capitalism. And not: confuse capitalism with socialism rich. China has not changed socialism for capitalism, but socialism poor by the rich socialism.

THE VALUE OF CHANGE

The appear. The development of the concept of exchange value by Marx is divided into two phases: first explains how the exchange value appears at first sight, and then explains how it appears when we see it more closely. And a closer look, Marx shows that the exchange value is a mode of expression or phenomenal form. Later I will explain what is a mode of expression or phenomenal form.

First phase. The exchange value appears first as the proportion in which use values of a type is changed by another. But this r
atio varies with time and place, an exchange value intrinsic to the goods is presented as a contradiction in the adjective. Illustrate this idea. It is to imagine a market where silk is changed to wheat, iron paper, gold shoes, and so on. But with regard to the extent that these values are exchanged for use, the following occurs: in a 1 meter silk is changed to 2 kilos of wheat, but elsewhere one meters of silk is changed to 3 kilos of wheat; Today one meters of silk is changed to 2 kilos of wheat, but tomorrow in the same place 1 meter of silk is changed to 1 kilo of wheat. As the exchange value of 1 meter of silk with the place and change over time, think meters of silk that has a value of intrinsic change is presented as a contradiction in the adjective. Since experience tells us that the exchange value is a purely external relation between use value, which has nothing to do with inherent or intrinsic properties. Thus is the exchange value at first sight.

Second phase. Let’s look at the exchange value more closely. When looking at the exchange value more closely, we note that the same commodity is exchanged for other goods in different proportions. For example, a kilo of wheat is exchanged for x bitumen, and silk, z gold, etc.. Therefore, the wheat has multiple values of change and not just one. But as x bitumen, gold and silk and z are the exchange value of one kilo of wheat, then x bitumen, gold and silk and z are values substituted for each other change or magnitude equal to each other. Hence we deduce two things: one, that the valid exchange-values express the same goods the same thing, and secondly, that the exchange value is a mode of expression (or is phenomenal) content that should distinguish it. This is the conclusion we reached when we look at things more closely: the exchange rate between goods is a relation of expression.

So the first task will then distinguish which content is expressed as the ratio of exchange between goods. It’s the same problem that we face when we saw the philosophical distinction between what is manifest and to demonstrate how, when we talked about the table and its reflection in the mirror.

Althusser.

On reproduction of production conditions.

It is necessary to renew the means of production for it to be, possible. A social formation and does not survive a year if conditions not play production at the same time it produces.

The reproduction of production conditions can be simple when limited to reproduce the conditions of the previous production, enlarged when you increase the conditions.
Any social formation comes from a dominant mode of production.
Every social formation must at the same time to produce and produce, reproduce the conditions of its production.

Must reproduce:

The productive forces.
The relationships of production.
There is no possibility of production, and ensure the reproduction of the material conditions of production: the reproduction of the means of production.

How do you ensure the reproduction of the workforce?

Giving the environment is ensured to reproduce material, through wages representing only part of the value produced by the expenditure of the workforce that is essential for reproduction, which is essential for reconstitution of the salaried workforce.

The salary is the amount needed for the reproduction of the labor force, is determined not only to biological needs, but also of historical, Marx stressed the need for British workers to beer and wine from the French .

Not enough to ensure the material conditions of reproduction of the labor force so that it is played as such. The labor force available should be: competent, ie able to participate in the complex manufacturing process.

The work force must be diversely skilled and therefore reproduced as such.

When referring to variously mean it according to technical requirements of the social division of labor in their different positions and jobs.

How is the capitalist system ensures reproduction of the qualification of the workforce?

Through the capitalist educational system or other institutions.

What is learned in the educational system

You learn to write, read, count, some techniques and various other things including items of scientific or literary culture, items used directly in the various production positions.

There is an instruction to the workers, one for technicians and one for senior management.

The rules, established customs and correct, that is, the convenient to be observed as the charge is intended to fill all agent of division of labor, moral standards, standards of civic awareness and professional, all of which to say a word regarding the rules of the technical division of labor.

The reproduction of the labor force not only requires a copy of your score, but at the same time, the reproduction of the submission of workers to the rules of order, ie submission to the dominant ideology.

The successful submission by the ability of agents operating through the word of the domination of the ruling class.

The school teaches certain types of “know how” but in a submission to the dominant ideology or the mastery of their practice.

All should be in some way permeated by ideology to consciously assume the task.

The company is composed of levels or bodies, articulated by a specific determination, infrastructure or economic base (“unit” of the productive forces and relations of reproduction) and the superstructure, which in turn contains two levels or instances: the legal-political (the right and the state) and ideology (other religions, moral, etc .).

The basic infrastructure on which rise two floors of the superstructure, is a spatial metaphor allows us to imagine about the upper floors could not be sustained in the air alone, they need to rest precisely on the base.

The metaphor of the building is then designed to represent, before anything else, the fact that ultimately determine the economic base.

What is happening in the economic base ultimately determines what happens on the floors (superstructure).

The supestructura is determined by efficiency of the base, which are determining their own way are as determined by the base.

There are two forms of identification rate efficiency or

1. Relative autonomy of the superstructure of the base.
2. Return action of the superstructure on the base.

Capital, the foundation determines the building.

The State.

State is conceived as the repressive apparatus. Repression machine that allows the ruling classes secure their domination over the working class to submit to the system of extortion of surplus value, ie, capitalist exploitation.

The state apparatus that defines it as a force of repressive intervention implementation and to serve the ruling classes.

The state (and its existence as a unit) only makes sense in terms of state power. The entire political class struggle revolves around the state, about the conquest, ie the collection and preservation of state power by a particular class or by an alliance of classes or class fractions.

You can tell on the one hand state power (state power conservation or take) aim of the class struggle and the state apparatus on the other.

The state is the state’s repressive apparatus.

It should distinguish between state power and state apparatus.

The aim of the class struggle concerns the power of the state and as a result of the use by the classes in power state, the state apparatus in accordance with its objectives of class.

The proletariat must win the power to destroy the bourgeois state apparatus.

The repressive state apparatus.

The adjective is due to repressive states that this device is through violence or at least involves physical repression.

The ideological state apparatuses are the ones that cial number of realities that are presented to the observer in the form of precise and specialized institutions.

The ideological apparatuses are:
Religious, school, family, legal, political, labor, information, cultural.

Differences between the repressive state apparatus and the ideological state apparatuses.

There is a repressive apparatus of the state and there is a plurality of ideological state apparatuses.

The repressive apparatus of state, unified, belongs entirely to the public domain, most of the Ideological State Apparatuses (in their apparent dispersion) belong to the private domain.

Churches are private entities, parties, unions, families, schools (some) newspapers, cultural enterprises.

What distinguishes ideological state apparatus of the device (repressive) state that the equipment is operated repressive violence and ideological work with ideologies.

If the ideological state apparatuses work so dominant ideology, what unifies their diversity is their operation, to the extent that the ideology that work is always in fact unified, under the dominant ideology is that of the ruling class holds state power and features of the repressive apparatus of the state, we can assume that the same ruling class is active in the ideological state apparatus to the extent that through his own contradictions, the dominant ideology is performed on machines ideological state.

No durably class can wield state power at the same time without exercising its hegemony over and in the ideological state apparatuses.

Class (class alliance) in power does not dictate the law so easily in the ideological state apparatuses such as the repressive apparatus of state, the exploited classes exploit the media to express themselves, using the contradictions that exist, being conquered by the struggle of fighting positions in the ideological state apparatuses.

The class struggle is expressed and exercised in ways also ideological and ideological forms of ideological state apparatuses. But the class struggle extends far beyond these forms, to become the weapon of ideology of the exploited classes against the ruling classes.

The new ideological apparatus that is dominant is the school, which has replaced the church.

Why is the school system the dominant ideological apparatus in capitalist social formations and how it works

All ideological state apparatuses whatever towards the same result: the reproduction of the relations of production, ie of capitalist relations of exploitation.

Each one works on this one as a result of its own.
The political apparatus individuals subjected to the political ideology of the state.
The apparatus of cramming information in the press, radio, television to all citizens with daily doses of ideology.

The device promotes cultural activities according to the ideology they are sound.
There is an ideological apparatus that plays the dominant role but rarely barely be heard, is called school.

The school welcomes children from all social classes and ages, keeps them imprisoned for years between the family unit and school, are taught practical knowledge.

Some children begin working at age 16 (workers) Others continue studying but incorporate a little later to the (employees).

Last sector (operating agents. Agents of repression, professionals).

The production relations of a capitalist social formation, ie the relationship between exploiter and exploited, are reproduced through the learning of practical knowledge for the mass inculcation of the dominant ideology.

The ideology is the system of ideas, representations, which dominates the mind of a man or a social group.

Is the representation of the imaginary relation between individuals and their living conditions.

It is often said that ideology are concepts of the world, so it does not correspond at all to reality, but alludes to it.

Men imaginary represented as their actual existence.

The ideology has material existence. (Premise)

Each ideology always exists in one appliance and its or their practices, this existence is material.
No practice only in and through ideology.
There is no ideology but by and for individuals.
Man is by nature an ideological animal.

Any ideology appeals to concrete individuals as concrete subjects.
The ideology recognizes:

Interpellation of individuals as subjects.
His attachment to the subject
Mutual recognition between the subject and subject, between the same parties and the subject itself.
In fact the state and its apparatus only make sense from the perspective of class struggle ensuring class oppression and guaranteeing the conditions of exploitation and its reproduction.
But there is no class struggle without antagonistic classes.
If there is a ruling class there is also rebellion, resistance.

These notes are some assumptions of the characteristics of the various state ideologies.

The productive activity of a market economy, which includes the primary and secondary sectors, is responsible for the production and processing of goods for final consumption and intermediate, but is becoming more important in any economic system look well complemented by the tertiary sector, which provides services such as transport and communication trade. Responsible for promoting the productive sectors while it is driven by them.

Trade can be defined as “providing the service distribution channel and sell all kinds of goods both, nationally and internationally.” Commercial activity in the economy can not grow without a parallel growth EFFICIENT or greater production of goods.

The economic substance of the service sector in general is not something physical production but of intangibles that enable the production system to continue operating. Another important function of the tertiary sector is the relationship and synthesis of demand and supply information to help price formation and maintenance of an information market model “perfect.”

In this essay, we will show the evolution of the Colombian domestic market structure and how that emerges, leaving aside the foreign trade sector which represents a different section in the study of social-economic structure country.

The issue of internal trade, as opposed to international trade, has been little studied in Colombia and this fact makes the study a necessary exercise for the formulation of public policies at both national and regional levels. In a study by the Center for Development Research progress was made in a typology of companies located in six categories:

1. Traditional trade characteristic: made by companies mostly small, representatives of traditional trade flows with low levels of technological incorporation and no bargaining power in markets. Represents 62% of trade in Colombia with a total registered Confecámaras 2000 of 219 925 establishments.

2. Traditional trade expansion: Although involving a number of small, characteristic of this segment are medium sized companies. It is a dynamic segment trends involving trade rapidly modernizing elements, such as credit sales and deferred payment, qualification of supplier agreements, compliance, systematization of processes and changes in the legal form organization. Represents 32% of trade in Colombia.

3. Characteristic of modern commerce: In this segment as companies are located in large format and is considered the typical modern sector of trade due to their strategies of supply and competition within the meaning of the relations on elements of quality and new product search for markets. Represents 1% of trade in Colombia.

4. Modern trade expansion: Being a business segment with the so-called modern trade, the particularity of the companies located there is that they have taken up the challenge of economic liberalization as a factor for expansion and market expansion. Represents 2% of trade in Colombia.

5. Diversified modern commerce: Being a typical modern business segment is identified with structures in the retail trade in large format chain stores. This segment has traditionally been dynamic in the history of trade in Colombia, since the introduction of trading formats Compensation Funds. Represents 2% of trade in Colombia.

6. Integrated modern commerce: The group of companies in the trade sector in this segment are characterized by the construction of vertical integration mechanisms between links of the chain-consumer product. Represents 1% of trade in Colombia.
TRADE IN THE COLOMBIAN ECONOMY

In Latin America, the commercial sector has gradually decreased their percentage share in total output. The commercial sector in Mexico, Brazil and Argentina are the most influential Latin American trade gross product.

In Colombia, the tertiary sector accounts for approximately 50% of the product, and specifically the trade is one of the activities that contributes to national economic activity. In terms of employment, the services sector represented about 47% in 1989, having delivered only 36% in 1968. Trade rose from 11.1% to provide employment in 1970 to 25.4% in 1995.

The internal trade in Colombia is a very heterogeneous sector, which is undergoing a process of change from traditional structures, with the addition of a new commercial technology and commercial forms adapted to the changing market.

Long-winded Trends such as increasing levels of disposable income, restructuring of family expenditure, increasing urbanization, the incorporation of women into the labor market, declining family size, the penetration of the media mass communication, etc. have been a profound change in habits
Colombian consumer buying.

While the traditional shop is still used widely by both housewives as individuals to make a purchase of processed foods, its importance drops substantially in analyzing the supply weekly or longer periods of everyday consumer products. This trend is more pronounced in high-income urban families and is likely one that will continue in the future. It has also reduced the proportion of households that is supplied daily practice is usually done in the traditional neighborhood store.

There are other attractions that move consumers to the supermarkets. Interest in buying a more modern form, resulting in a more lucid additional benefit over those who might be price, quality, range of supply, etc …

The largest variety of products, which means the choice is also a factor that appeals to the large surface and about consumers who are increasingly selective and demanding. Moreover, urban buyers greater value in an individual purchase, immediate access to product without the intervention of a salesperson.

A clear demonstration of the previous phenomenon is the fact that some time we Colombians have approached a new type of auto service stores under the same concept of traditional supermarkets, offer completely different items. Elements for office gifts or hardware – according to specialty supermarket – can be watched, purchased, handled and selected on the shelves of each of these stores. Seem to be falling behind the times of counter that our taste was subject to the skill and kindness of the dependent.

The idea is relatively new in Colombia, there has been several years in the rest of the world, with excellent results.

The market realignment commercial structures, especially in what refers to the food trade, has been clear. DANE data show a percentage decline in the number of establishments engaged in food sales and a percentage decline in the share of sales of traditional forms, eg neighborhood stores, while good progress of modern formats such as supermarkets, specialty shops and compensation funds, among others.

The adjustment in the number of establishments shows the trend followed, but when you look at the shares in the food market is illustrated the depth and breadth of the change above.

However, the trend of modernization of the Colombian economic structure, with the development of the tertiary sector, and specifically the commercial is not without its problems. Soaring borrowing costs, insufficient credit “cheap”, high levels of taxation, high utility rates, the steady increase in smuggling and lack of skilled labor, make the trade sector and threatened constantly see modernizing its advanced prevented.

Business Casual

“The low employment generation in other sectors of the economy has meant that trade is a large informal sector to develop low-income and illegal working conditions.”

Business subsidized

“Includes those distribution systems for goods and services for intermediate consumption or where the state provides some recourse or special privilege to be transferred to the consumer or user to the extent of their need.”

This practice goes against the policy of free competition and can greatly affect the agents that are outside of such systems. The Idema, the family com
pensation funds, the mobile markets, etc. Are all practices that receive state benefits such as tax exemption, use of public spaces, etc. Despite these conditions, these groups have not fully realized its objectives. Their selling prices are on average only 5% lower than the market, there are cases of dumping even at local levels and is said to favor the groups with higher purchasing power.

WHOLESALE TRADE AND RETAIL

The advance of the supermarkets

Some of the leading chains such as Carulla, are driving the expansion not only of the large surface area, allowing you to cover the so-called “strong buy”, but also the daily shopping and proximity to supermarket 2 × 3 and Merquefácil for now focuses on the city of Bogotá, with a view to supplementing the sales can not cover the large area. The growth of supermarkets, and in particular the so-called large supermarkets (with five or more cases of output), allowing entry of these modern formats in urban areas and populations that do not reach the critical size for the introduction of hypermarkets. The proximity variable, along with the advantages mentioned price, breadth of offering, constitute the competitive advantage of these facilities. The development of companies and supermarkets with a base of urban expansion, allows them to enjoy economies of scale and market power, characteristics of the supermarkets.

This has meant a greater bargaining power of distributors from manufacturers, expressed inter alia in so-called branded products distributor in the negotiation of the product lines of products, payment terms, etc., altering, and in some cases reversing the traditional power relationship of the manufacturer’s distributor.

Impact of changes in the retail business

In the retail sector in Colombia, the changes in recent years have profoundly affected not only how to operate the business but also for the conceptualization of the retail enterprise. The increasing size of enterprises and expertise in the growth cycles – recession of recent years have driven some of them to formulate their objectives and strategies under a broader concept of their role in the market and force many others to adopt this attitude.

The fact that a retailer is not linked to the development of its present activities but with the possibility of alternatives such as operate in different areas or commercial areas (spatial dimension), with different lines and / or sets product (product dimension), targeting different consumer segments (consumer size), represents a new approach to its major objectives (profit and growth), which support a diagnosis of their current situation compared to the alternatives offered by the market .

Another of the most significant changes are occurring in trade is the Trade mainstreaming in front of a predominantly vision of physical distribution. The retail business would be being forced to use all instruments at its disposal for engaging and retaining customers. These instruments are none other than the classical components of trade policy of any company – product, pricing, communication and distribution. Le retailer has to integrate all their marketing efforts into a commercial policy that the most important is to understand that the product they sell is not a tangible physical good but the overall service available to consumers: the supply of goods, provided by other companies, with an assessed value for consumers and that is the product of his business. The commercial effort of the retail business in a competitive environment with the design and supply of retail service in a convenient location (distribution), with set prices and transmitting information to facilitate market and / or encourage their use (communication) .

Rethinking traditional buying sites

While the Colombian trade is changing and modernizing, we are still far from approaching the structures that are found in more developed latitudes. To illustrate this point let us note two facts.

First, it is clear the prevalence of convenience stores in the distribution of food, contrary to trends in countries like France and England, where traditional trade capture a fraction of the market. While in France the distribution of perishable products is done mostly in modern formats – hypermarkets, supermarkets and specialty stores – the figure of the neighborhood store caters only 5% of households. The table below illustrates these relationships:

The rapid transformation of the commercial distribution in countries “newly developed” has some distinctive features:

Rapid integration of the national economy to world trade flows.
A substantial improvement in the quality of life and per capita income.
Openness to foreign investment and talent on all fronts of the economy including trade.
Business innovations that spurred the rise of commercial modernization and supermarkets.
Implementation of state and awareness of the need to update the traditional business formats.
Increased educational and cultural level of the population and the ultimate elimination of the population explosion.

It looks unattainable for Colombians accelerate the shift of trade and economic structures in line with the new demands of globalization and internationalization: the opportunities for progress for Colombian merchants are unexpected. Technological change and we are living.

The gaps that separate us from the modern commercial distribution structures of developed countries and may be starting to slow.

According to the study of the Centre for Development Research, the main objectives pursued by the Colombian trade policy should be:

1. To promote a competitive environment for business enterprises.
2. Strengthening entrepreneurship in the commercial sector.
3. Increasing the efficiency of distribution systems and marketing.
4. Strengthen the State’s regulatory role and its role as guarantor of the
competition, consumer culture of quality and consumer protection.
5. Promote regional development and sub-sector internal trade.
Juan Esteban and Development Economics student at the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana de Medellín, Colombia

CONCEPT

.- Monetary crisis affecting the entire economy, a devaluation occurs first, is when it increases the money supply and no reserves to back it up.

MONETARY THEORY .- It is the one where you try to explain the problems in the situation of the monetary system of Marx is a very good monetary theory.
MONETARY SYSTEM .- The global market driven. But yet every country has its own system which to be be supported by the financial reserves they have.
DEVALUATION .- It’s when given the move of a currency crisis, is what the state regularly does is devalue its currency, which means the lower your ability to exchange, purchase and therefore of value to other world currencies.

Comet CLASS

The generic function of money is making more money, all other functions depend on this money. The general crisis is when the money stops making money, or through paralyzing the movement and payment. Where the equivalent general loses its function.

The currency crisis affects the entire economy. The money supply is not regularly backed by reserves. The first thing that happens is the devaluation, the output are the loans and foreign investment, this you should, for the exploitation of cheap labor and lower tariffs.

When you increase the money supply and reduce the reserves have a crisis infuncionalidad.Hay two currencies:

· Real (gold) is a commodity consumption · Unreal (tickets) which is a product of movement.

To maintain the value of gold should have a good rate of production, gold is the commodity most functional for the capitalist system. Gold had its functionality in actions, not devalued, state intervention in the economy the objective of change control is to stop the devaluation occurs because the reserves have a fall and fall of currency is synonymous with drain capitales.Las currencies can be:

· Goods ° Dollars

DEVALUATION .- It is the first step to a currency crisis, which regularly is a measure of the state, which means the lower your ability to exchange, purchase and therefore of value to other world currencies.

.- Currency crisis events to a devaluation, that increases the money supply and no reserves to back it up. Affect the entire economy.

MONETARY SYSTEM .- But yet every country has its own system which must be supported by the financial reserves they have. This according to the global market.

MONETARY THEORY .- It is one in which explains the main causes and problems of the monetary system in search of a solution that affects the least.

COMMENT OF THE LESSON

The surplus is a social concept, and will depend on who recovered their capital. The work is what gives the growth and development provided you have the necessary conditions, such as health, culture, education etc.

The more will enter the job materialized society there are more possibilities for growth and development that allows the capital is recovered.

• If you increase the work the economy is doing well • If the job decreases the economy is bad

The PEA data are unreliable. The struggle between labor and capital is for the distribution of income or the distribution. It becomes social struggle, wages and prices to join that class struggle is economic-social-political. The fictitious capital is when capital is valued and hits wages. The labor force is the only one to produce value, capital can be emphasized by work. When value is a value to the exploitation of labor and talk about two types of work:

· Paid job · Jobs default

Work = Work materialized as payment is unpaid labor. The labor and exploitation are social constructs, the salary is the only economic concept. The only element that does not alienate the study, and is the only one released.
When he speaks of the exploitation of the work involves social-economic-political and leads to the problem of consciousness (which is the reasoned knowledge). What Marx is critical to be aware to overcome capitalism. The operating concept is rather philosophical.

CHAPTER VII CAPITAL

Rate of surplus value

The part of the surplus value is what is known cone enhancement of value, after which workers created a new value created is the sum of a value equivalent to the labor force and surplus.

C = CV, which starts in half circulatory and buying means of production and hire labor.
C ‘= C V O V P PV DV

In the production is carried out simultaneously creating value and transfer value, that is, made possible by the dual character that has the work (abstract-concrete). The salary should have the minimum sum to recover energy. The gains will be found in his total product value, is generated in the production process and crystallizes in the circulation.

An equivalent value of its work force, where value creation is unfolded in the recovery of value (generation of surplus value) and where there is equal pay. The worker is rented for a defined or pre-agreed time during working hours in a given period generates the necessary and the rest is paid what is called: exploitation or created surplus value. The labor force is a commodity in which some of the subjectivity of the subject is transformed into merchandise.
The share of surplus value = p / v, the ratio of profit and the invested capital, where the generation of profit of the capitalist is in the workforce.
P / v = work paid / unpaid labor, is the holding share that is the secret of capitalist productivity. A profit share is called exploitation.

The operation is due to the development of productive forces, the creators of wealth are the workers.

In the privately working time required is less than the socially necessary labor time is where there is a difference of value that benefits you.

COMMENT OF THE LESSON

The theory of surplus value

The work is the creator of values. Nature has no value if there is no movement or action of man. The fundamental basis of any system is based on work and not capital. The more developed economies will be transferring its value to the least developed. Any economy is given on the capital. For Keynes, the most important investment and is formed:

· Constant · Capital Capital variable

The surplus will decline as a trend, because what is valuable is the work and if it is used less and less will decrease even more surplus value.

The work under capitalism can not exist without capitalists. For working capital and knowledge work is needed. There are two types of capital:

· · Capital usurious capitalists who exploit the labor force to grow the economy.

The developed countries have limited capitalists are not able to release, capitalists depend on the budget and therefore can not develop the economy, it has to mobilize the population on the job.

The informal economy is a consequence of the lack of work. The biggest area of development is the industry, to Lenin’s financial capital. In the 19th century the problem for the capitalist prices were low, in the 20th century is inflation. If the industry is not going to be fundamental, the increase in inflation and increase the interest rate.

CHAPTER VII

UNDERSTAND WHAT DEGREE OF EXPLOITATION BY?

The degree of exploitation, I understand, as the form of labor exploitation of the workers during the production process, ie the working day the worker in a part of it, the worker creates a value equivalent to the value of its work force, ie the pay of their salary, and in another part of the workday, creates value for the capitalist free.

Or is that extra work is not paid to the worker, and is what generates profits for the capitalist, so the degree of exploitation is theft of time the worker spends to create more value for the capitalist. The operation is designed for the wages the worker is very small in comparison to the capitalist profit gain for himself.

CHAPTER VIII
UNDERSTAND WHAT FOR LABOR DAY?

The working day is the tim
e in which the worker creates value for the capitalist, can be use values or change values, the working day is previously discussed between the capitalist workforce needs, and worker who needs that job to survive, be arranged in advance how much time going to work and pay as you work. Since the capitalist owns the means of production and the worker owns his labor.

The working day is divided into two: the time necessary and surplus time in the time required creates values equivalent to the value of its work force and in the spare time creates surplus value for the capitalist who is the gain for the same.

COMMENT OF THE LESSON

LABOR DAY

In the nineteenth century the working day consisted of approximately 12 to 16 hours, now consists of 8 to 12 hours, the current trend is to decrease the time in hours. The aim of the capitalist is to decrease the time required and increases the surplus time, how to counter this is to decrease the working day.

The four factors mentioned in this article are not the only ones, but are most relevant.

1. Capital:

The capital is the result of the accumulation of human production and that from the point of view of capitalism is a key factor of economic growth. Through the capital is possible to obtain productive assets and services that will serve to generate social wealth of the people and raise the quality of life.

Capital helps transform natural and intellectual resources into goods useful for people.

The concept of capital includes not only what we know as money, may include concepts such as goods, equipment, knowledge, plants, buildings, gifts, abilities, etc … That is, all inputs that have accumulated over time can generate some kind of recovery and expansion.

The capital may also mean the power to …

2. Interest:

The interest is considered a factor of production, because it is the variable that most affects the relative value of capital. The use of capital in the modern world depends on the evaluation of investment alternatives, where rates of return for projects, compared with more attractive interest rates offered.

“If an interest rate in a bank is more attractive than the return of a project, there is simply no active movement of capital”

Technically interest is any profit, income or profit produced by capital.

The four factors mentioned in this article are not the only ones, but are most relevant.

3. Work:

The work is part of the production is done by man. In fact encompasses many concepts, however the main ones are:

The human effort in the search for a productive purpose.
The effort deserves reward. (Very vague concept)
The use of human intelligence applied to the work.
Gainful occupation.

Through the progress and diversification, human labor is divided, generating specialization. Today, the most complex and most economic valuation are obtained from the complexity of intellectual talent.

It has gone from a society based on manual labor to a society based on intellectual work.

4. Technology:

The know-how and practical knowledge is a new factor of production through technological progress man has been able to diversify and expand their horizons and get increasingly faster, better and more efficiently in the pursuit of their goals.

Through improved technology, humanity has improved its level of production each day, and regardless of the distribution of knowledge there occurs a thousand times more than what was produced that only a century ago.

The technology makes production climb to levels never seen before where the power of capital received by the power of technology can create economies of scale where there are even companies that have global domination of markets.

The above factors must be understood and interpreted properly, in order to find out the optimum level of everyone who can lead us to create more just and egalitarian societies.

We all know that we live under a vague concept called “Capitalism”, but did not know exactly why and wherefore of their existence. In the following lines offer some of the fundamental problems that confront our economic system, seeking to highlight the fundamental problems facing societies.

An original concept. Why do we need a system?.

We have a question.

Why we are not just free, without rules or laws and live under a system of total freedom, where we all do what we want and where there are no rules?

And an unsatisfactory response …

Basically because the individual can unfortunately affect the general welfare. We are not completely free because it would be fair to everyone … Nature does not make us equal, and a government or economic system may generate some degree of equity and justice … but not complete.

SYSTEMS.

The economic systems seek to organize society to seek the welfare of citizens through rules and regulations applicable to all its members.

As we said at the beginning we live under the capitalist system. So what are the key issues to be resolved by our system?.

1. What, when and how.

The first key problem to be solved capitalism is to determine what is needed and how it has to produce or achieve. The capitalist system determines these amounts through the needs of individuals, reflected in supply and demand for products through a system of monetary exchange.

2. For whom it is produced.

Capitalism bases its existence on the principle of private property, which enforces the law and to public institutions.

The production is directed at those who are able to acquire certain assets and can pay for them, while looking for alternative systems in markets including those who can not afford to buy the products.

The private capital is defended by public institutions under the capitalist system.

3. How it occurs.

Capitalism creates mechanisms that determine the forms of production. Through production factors (labor, capital, technology) and how jurisdiction is determined production. Private property generates increases in productivity due to the competition must take those who seek to be demand for the goods.

THE PROBLEM OF SCARCITY:

Wealth.

It’s all material things produced by labor for the satisfaction of human desires that has exchange value.

It is that wealth must have these features:

1) is material. Human qualities such as mental capacity and power are not material, and therefore can not be described as wealth.

2) is produced by labor. The land has all the essential features of wealth but is not a work product, and therefore is not wealth.

3) Can satisfy human desire. Money is not wealth, is a medium of exchange by which wealth can be obtained. Nor can classify stocks and bonds as securities and insurance companies rich. Wills are nothing more than property. None of these satisfy the human desire directly. Only things are wealth production or destruction of which increases or decreases the total assets administered to human desire.

4) The wealth has exchange value. That which does not bring its owner through exchange, sale or other transaction, something of value, has no exchange value and therefore is not wealth, even if human labor has been invested in it (examples: an evening photo A wrecked car, a snowman.)

Earth.

Is the entire material universe excluding human beings and their products.

Any physical thing (other than humans) that is not the result of human effort is within the economic definition of land. This concept includes not only the wet or dry surface soil and subsoil, but also any material, natural strength and opportunity. The trees in a virgin forest is land, in a cultivated forest is wealth. Is land seas, lakes and watercourses, as well as mineral deposits and the stars.
Production.

Includes all processes involved in producing wealth or transportation from their place of origin to the ultimate consumer.

The production includes not only the production of things but also their transport to the consumer. A car, for example, from mining of raw iron, all complex manufacturing processes and marketing to sales to the ultimate purchaser, is the realization of an extensive cooperative effort of production. Factors (components manufacturing) in the process of wealth production are land, labor and capital.

Interesting.

Is that part of wealth which is the reward to capital.

In common parlance, a person who lends money pays “interest” to a creditor that lends money. In economic theory, however, given that money is not capital, meaning interest is different. For example, harvesters and silos are part of a farmer’s capital, which when used in harvesting and storing wealth in the form of wheat, won for his contribution to output a piece called interest.

In the modern world poverty persists, Queen neglect and backwardness. Hence, the strategic priority for a region like Latin America, is the growth and development.

But what is felt, what we see, what you feel, is the failure or at least the crisis of economic paradigms. Neither socialism or interventionism, nor the model and less neoliberalism neostructuralist solve the problem. Countries like Colombia will stop their growth, can not find the path to development.

Despite what is said there is currently no dialectical thinking about the end of the story, accepting that the neoliberal model is unique.

But then it returns to the beginning. “In our time the economy has answers to the questions of development? Or should accept the thesis of the end of history and economics.

Let’s start by presenting the debate: There is no “model” only to pursue structural transformation. Therefore it is essential to build on the experience and pragmatism, building on a transition process which later can be reworked a theory of development.

In the process, what to keep in mind is that “doctrine” presumably finished, they say rest on immutable principles, can produce the opposite development.

The economy as science is seen as a generalizing hypothesis “should be understood as a discipline in permanent construction, which has the motor of change and declaring dogmatism. Without being dogmatic and without the need to establish standard models, one can accept that the economy if you have answers to the problems of growth and development.

To clarify, however, that in an era in which appears the critique of neoliberalism “Persian”, opening the way to be underpinned by an abundance, richness theory from the field of science, under the guidance of critical theory. It should seek their own systems of theorizing, criticizing and doing things. We must believe in the power of ideas and that the existence of thought itself is a valuable acquis to drive the stages of development. Instead of taking defensive positions against neoliberalism, in addressing the issues that affect national and regional life, proposing effective measures, operational measures, “doing” rather than “should be”, particularly with regard to new role of the state. We propose an open and flexible approach, useful to meet the new challenges of the third millennium.

The answers are possible. Perhaps it is beyond the concepts of “development” and “progress” because its implicit perspective achieving poor nations to developed nations is no longer viable. Perhaps the proper word is “training” because the goal is to empower individuals and social groups to learn to choose what is best for them and help them acquire the ability to own decisions and direct their own destinies and .

This vision sees the delay as part of the historical process, so that this and the so-called “underdevelopment” shall be considered as parts of a universal process-related dialectically-simultaneous processes, among countries and between regions within a country . In this context, the development can be conceptualized through the population variables, production and investment, bearing in mind the human being in a self-sustaining process.

The best development process is one that can raise the quality of life of people.

From the humanistic perspective facing the issue of finding answers, to find the path to development facing the discourse of “savage capitalism” with a theoretical generating wealth to pragmatism transitional law proposed to be constructed. In the field of critical theory writer who does not accept the inevitability of a system of “Mega social machine,” in which the human being is only part of your gear. Instead he continues to claim the right to feel that it is possible a new society to separate the tectonic system, for this man, in an area of freedom as the highest social value, free of consumerism and monetary transfer, be the master of nature. This implies, as stated Erich Fromm, accept what is impossible to deny: that the great power of science, technology, that capitalism is coming to conquer Mars, has failed in his sleep of five centuries ago that claimed a total domain nature, material wealth, greater happiness for greater numbers of people and non-threatening personal freedom.

But the humanistic angle translated into economic categories may well be interpreted from scientific rationality of Keynes. His words are as current today as yesterday over the issue when he wrote that: “The main drawbacks of the economic society in which we live are its failure to ensure full employment and its arbitrary and inequitable distribution of wealth and income” .

In fact, these pages begin the discussion specifically about the theories of John Maynard Keynes last in the final notes of his general theory. The transition process becomes a paradigm of development as the Latin American nations, could be thought of a triplet of Keynesian variables are summarized in the freedom, efficiency and equity.

As stated by the same term should be taken into account that “the world will not much longer tolerate the unemployment which, apart from brief intervals of excitement, is joined – and in my opinion, capitalism inevitably individualistic times but it may be possible that the disease is cured by a proper analysis of the problem while preserving efficiency and freedom. “

However the model from the economic point of view must involve the social, political, accepting the premises of valid approaches and no longer remembered in the Latin American context. So I stress fairness, freedom, democracy, autonomy and efficiency are the framework which establishes the relationship between civil society – welfare state – market. Everything is interrelated and complementary. The development of civil society presupposes the social state, and this, in turn, accounts for the former.

It is recognized that the economy and if you have answers to the question of development. But such responses are variable, according to historical moments and the existing institutional structure. In this area indicated the simultaneous application of a set of policies to a group of problems, setting priorities for the timing and intensity of each policy. The condition of this dynamic economic regulation is selective and improving the distribution of feeding back to each other.

In a new vision to get answers, arises the idea of using in addition the prospect of the Solidarity Economy as a development tool, guided by the neo-structuralism in a social market economy. Premised on the economic horizon rises to the humanist direction, which can refine the test of solidarity. In this area you can locate a conciliatory role of the state to promote cooperative relations between the social partners, to build the model of equitable and democratic. But his supportive context may well grounded in the principles of participatory democracy. On the principles of efficiency, and freedom, can strengthen the equity and justice, seeking a path to locate the emancipatory goal of the economy, and to return the man his exact nature of freedom from their daily subsistence .

References:

Fromm, Erich. “Introduction”, in: Having or Being FCE. Mexico, 1993.
 KEYNES, John M. “General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.” FCE, Mexico, 1994. A

ECONOMIC POLICY
1 .- DEFINE THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL PRODUCTIVE FORCE

The social productive forces are the means of production and, first of all, the work instruments created and built by the society on the one side and the other men who produce material goods.

It is men who through their production experience, improve, invent machines and expand their own scientific knowledge.

The productive forces are the most dynamic element of production is constantly changing due to men not only constantly refine the tools, but accumulated production experience.
Social product is that it becomes a collective product of individual members involved in material handling varying degrees either far or near the field. With this we see that to be productive is not necessary to be part in developing this but to be an organ of collective worker or fulfill any function. Besides the force is able to be part of a production process and can generate a good.

2 .- WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN social productive forces and the productive forces NATURAL

The relationship is because labor productivity depends on natural conditions and the environment in which they perform. The external physical conditions are divided into two: natural resources in their livelihoods and natural resources in the working environment, natural products are part of the natural basis of social division of labor, and take the man because of the conditions is the multiform which are meeting their needs as well as the need to address socially natural force, economize and appropriating a large scale by the work of man.

4 .- WHAT IS THE REAL DIFFERENCE IN THE PROCESS OF SUBORDINATION WORKING CAPITAL UNDER THE MATTER OF THE FORMAL SUBORDINATION

Just as one can consider the production of surplus value as a material expression of the formal subsumption of labor under capital, the production of relative surplus value can be estimated as the real subsumption of labor under capital. Whatever the case the two forms of surplus value, the absolute and relative, if it wants to consider each other as separate stocks (and absolute surplus value always precedes the relative) correspond to the two separate forms of subsumption of labor capital or two forms of capitalist production which separated from the first precursor provided the second most developed although the latter can in turn be the basis for the introduction of the first new branches of production. Therefore the difference between the work formally subsumed under capital and how to use previous work revealed more clearly when the volume increases on capital employed by the capitalist

5 .- CALL TO SPECIFICALLY CAPITALIST MODE OF PRODUCTION

Specifically capitalist production is no longer a mere means for the production of relative surplus value. It now becomes the general, socially dominant production process. As a specific method for the production of relative surplus value only operates: first, while industry takes over until then were only formally subordinated to capital, that is, in its propagation, and second, while changes in production methods continually revolutionize industries that had already fallen into its orbit.

If the worker needs all his time to produce the means of subsistence for the support of himself and his offspring, he have no time to labor for the benefit of others. Without having reached a certain level of productivity at work is not that time available for the worker without that there will be no excess surplus labor time and, hence, a capitalist class. True high level of labor productivity, then, is generally a condition for the existence of capitalist production, as well as all previous modes of production in that part of society is not working only for itself but also for others

6 .- EXPLAINS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE VALUE OF THE WORK FORCE AND SALARY

If you look at the case of the capitalist, we see that he wants to get just as much work for the least amount of money. Therefore, from the practical standpoint, he’s only interested in the difference between the price of labor power and value that creates the operation thereof. But try to buy all the goods at the lowest price possible and that, in all cases, believes finding the reason for its gain in the simple chicanery to buy below value and sell above it. Hence, do not fall into account that if there really such a thing as the value of work and he actually paid that amount, there would be no capital, your money will not be transformed into capital.

The actual movement of wages shows phenomena that seem to show that he is paid the value of the labor force but its role, the work itself. We can cut. these phenomena to two broad classes. First, variation in salary when varying the length of the workday. It is as if it came to the conclusion that it is not paid the value of the machine but its operation, since it costs more to rent a machine for a week for a day. Second, the individual difference between the wages of various workers who perform the same function. This individual difference is also found, but which gives rise to illusions, the system of slavery, which is sold frankly and openly, without hesitation, the workforce itself. Only the advantage of a workforce than average, or handicap of one that falls below that average, in the slave system is on the owner of slaves and

7 .- WHY IS WRONG TALK OF THE VALUE OF THE WORK FORCE

Because they do not actually pay what is for and that the worker in a day’s work catches up his salary in less than the time set by the capitalist for the rest of the working day to generate a surplus.

8 .- WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE OF TIME AND WORK piece-rate

Salary for time under capitalism concerns for example: when the capitalist pays the worker $ 10 a day, and the worker works 10 hours, then the average price of a working hour will be $ 1. If the journey lasts 12 hours, the price of working hours will be reduced to 83 cents.

The salary for time in the hands of the capitalist is a means of intensifying the exploitation of workers. While the piece wage or piecework wage is the magnitude of which depends on the amount of manufactured products or parts manufactured by the worker in a given unit of time.

To set payment rates for each piece is taken into account:

A) the base salary for time of day.
b) The number of pieces you can make the worker more skilled and stronger in one day.

Salary for time: increasing the surplus by increasing the working day.
Pay per piece: this type of salary can monitor product quality through the work. The capitalist pays the regular quality product and superior. The bad product is not paid. This form of wage increases the worker’s labor intensity, because this is trying to do more to get more money.

9 .- DEFINE THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL PLAY

The company can not fail to produce since the cessation of production of material goods would cause their extinction. Therefore, the process of production of material goods has to be continuous, ie it must be repeated every time the same phases. This process of production of goods that is repeated constantly and uninterruptedly called social reproduction.

10 .- UNDERSTAND WHAT MARX PLAY BY SIMPLE

The reproduction process takes place in any society. Under capitalism, the motive for the reproduction is the greed of capitalists to obtain surplus value.

In the process of capitalist reproduction occurs on profits from which the capitalist appropriates. If the capitalist employs all the added value for their personal needs, it is simple reproduction. Suppose that an investor anticipates a capital of $ 200,000 (160,000 and 40,000 constant capital and variable capital). If the rate of surplus value is 100% imported goods in the $ 240,000 if all the constant capital into the value of the product (160.000c 40.000v 40.000p = 240,000). These comprised $ 240,000 of the 200,000 anticipated and caused $ 40,000 of surplus value.
Sinc
e the simple play all the surplus is used in the personal consumption of the capitalist and his family, stages of production will be made next year on the same scale. The same will happen in the next few years.

11 .- WHAT IS THE ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL

In the first phase of capitalist development capital employed across the capital gain on your personal needs. Capitalism exploits then a small number of workers and sometimes worked the same. But when magnified capitalist enterprises and the employer exploit step by hundreds and thousands of workers. Suppose that an investor employs 1000 workers, who pay each year two million dollars. The workers produce for the surplus capital 2 million a year. Now the employer does not employ and the entire capital gain on their personal needs, but only a part of it. That portion of the surplus is spent on increasing production, to acquire more machinery and raw materials, to hire more labor. In this case it is an accumulation of capital.

12.-EXPLICA THE THEORY OF ABSTINENCE

Marx noted that the capital reduces their needs, “providing” the worker’s tools work instead of eating the same steam engines, railways, fertilizer, etc.
It is the sacrifice of the capitalist torturous.
However it is known that this theory only attempts to justify capitalism and capitalist exploitation. In fact the accumulation of capital and the amount of such accumulation does not depend on the non-capitalist but the sweatshop.

13 .- What do you mean by organic composition of capital?

Marx called the organic composition of capital to the ratio of the cc and v, ie the composition of capital as the value, since that is determined by the technical composition of capital and reflects the changes in this.
Therefore, the organic composition of capital is the ratio c: v. For example if the capital is 200V 800C, the organic composition is 4:1.
The organic composition of capital, only changes under the influence of the changes that occur in the technical composition.

With the development of capitalism and capital increase capital accumulation is continually increasing the organic composition of it.

The growth of the organic composition of capital is obvious, the fact that with the development of the production increase over the amount of raw materials, machines, instruments that the amount of force used in this production. For example, if the organic composition of capital was the beginning of 1:1 was subsequently becoming 2:1, 3:1 and so on.

14 .- EXPLAINS HOW TO PRODUCE INDUSTRIAL RESERVE ARMY

The movement of workers in the production process leads to the capitalist countries to form armies of the unemployed.

The main reason for the formation of the industrial reserve army is rising organic composition of capital and that as the capital decreases relatively variable results in the progressive reduction in the rate of incorporation of labor in production, as a result increases the number of workers who can not find your job application. A portion of the working class is “surplus” with respect to the demands of capital accumulation. In addition there are other factors contributing to the growth of forced shutdown, such as:

A) extension of working hours and increased work intensity. Capitalists profit from the army of unemployed forced and force those who have jobs to work for 2, 3, etc, this adds to the industrial reserve army.

B) The widespread employment of women and children. In this case, the use of technical resources and the simplification of work processes into production facilitates women and children, whose work is paid cheaper, leaving the workers unemployed adults.

C) The ruin of small farmers. As the results in the accumulation of capital, intensified the ruin of small farmers and artisans, who will join the ranks of the army of the unemployed.

Note: Capitalism is the need of the industrial reserve army of labor to take advantage of and increase the exploitation of the working class (increasing the intensity of work)